Current conditions and factors of the international exchange of technology
Date: 26 July 2009
The technological revolution and the development of productive forces leads to an increasing deepening of international division of labor. In these circumstances, trade and economic relations between countries are characterized by rapid expansion of scientific and technological exchange, the value of which is much more commercial effect, resulting from the transfer or acquisition of technology in any of the commercial terms. It is through the exchange of technology can resolve the issues raise the technological level of any branches and the national economy as a whole, the task of accelerating technological re-equipment of the economy, empowerment of exports and reduce imports, the development of techno-economic ties between the countries on the basis of specialization and cooperation in the manufacture of various products . In the area of technology involves the exchange of all major forms of human activity (science, engineering, production, management), starting with the theoretical knowledge of the laws of nature (science), the experience of its conversion (technology) and to the creation of tangible assets and benefits (production) to the improvement of methods of rational action in dealing with work and other tasks (management). However, the exchange can be included as all the four forms of human activity, and any combination thereof. If you select the area of trade and economic relations and exchange of commodities in food products, which in one way or another connected with the geographical, climatic conditions and the availability of minerals, the remainder of the foreign economic relations in today's world would be a consequence of the international division of labor based on the uneven development of different types of technology , which determines the level of competitiveness of goods on the market, their quality and cost, and hence the profit in the implementation.
If you delete the consumer goods, the remainder of the international economic exchange would be an exchange of technology, either in the «pure» - in the form of knowledge, experience and scientific and technical information, a «hard» in materials, machinery and equipment. This part of foreign economic relations is a broad scope of the exchange, the ultimate goal, on the one hand, increasing the technical and technological level of production, on the other - a profit. Method of implementation technology on the world market are different. The project «International Code of Conduct on Transfer of Technology», developed by UNCTAD, was drafted the following list of transactions entered into with: 1) transfer, sale or granting of licenses to all forms of industrial property (except for trademarks and logos). License agreement - trade transactions, in which one party (the licensor) grants another party (licensee) permission to use the facility license. By the appearance of license agreements resulting patent law as the right of exclusive use. Current licensing agreements not only include the right of the licensee to use the inventions, but also provide for transfer of the licensor of knowledge, expertise, trade secrets, etc., necessary for the practical development of the license; 2) Granting of «know-how» and technical expertise. «Know-how» (literally «know how») - the term for the synthesis of various «secrets», in whole or in part of confidential knowledge, information, technological, economic, administrative, financial constraints, which provides certain advantages to the person or company, they received . Contracts for the transfer of «know-how» of different licensing agreements so that the owner of technology or invention has refused for any reasons of patentability, while not neglecting at the same time of the sale of the technology itself. Lack of legal protection defined by the specifics of contracts «know-how», where the point of maintaining the confidentiality of the information, and for damages in case of violation; 3) provision of technological knowledge necessary for the acquisition, installation and use of machinery and equipment, products and materials obtained by purchase, lease, lease or in any other way; 4) industrial and technical cooperation in relation to maintenance of machinery, equipment, products and materials. In addition to this list can be named the following forms of transactions entered into with: 5) provision of engineering services, which include feasibility studies, project consulting, construction, investor and technical supervision, short-and long-term consulting services, design of new technology, technical assistance in carrying out special operations, testing and inspection of equipment and machinery and processing raw materials using the customer's original technology; 6) transfer of technology in the scientific, technical and industrial cooperation (both on a contractual basis, and in the creation of mixed companies), which is largely unite the scientific and technical capabilities of each side and a rapid and stable exchange of technology for a long time; 7) technology transfer through investment cooperation, in which are not only commercial implementation of technology materialized in the form of machinery, equipment, technological lines, etc., supplied to construction sites, and technology transfer in the «pure», through consultation and training, supervision, supervision of construction, through the transfer of working drawings, as well as many other forms of technological exchange. In addition to the above forms of transactions, there is a non-profit form of technological exchange, to which the transfer of scientific and technical information in various forms, scientific conferences, symposia, visiting exhibitions and fairs, etc. All these forms of transactions designed to perform a single task - the transfer and acquisition of technology on a commercial basis - and are a kind of agreements in which the buyer has adequate production capacity (or capital), and the seller - the right of production and expertise in a particular area. Virtually all of this can be reduced to a single notion of exchange of technology and differ only in the forms of remuneration. Such an approach is essential for the proper choice of the form of the transaction and its realization as the ultimate effect depends on the correct interaction partners. And the acquisition of technology for classic license agreement, and compensatory transactions and joint ventures practically solve the same problem: bringing advanced technology to improve the competitiveness of manufactured products at its base. In the face of our country allows this to some extent, substitute the import of domestic products, to meet the needs of the domestic market, followed by access to foreign markets. The value and volume of international trade licenses. One exemplary feature of modern STDev internationalization has become the application of scientific and technical activities. High rates of development of productive forces, the growth of specialization and cooperative production are, in turn, expand and accelerate the international spread of scientific and technical expertise. The most important indicator of the modern global economy is to reduce the timing of introducing scientific and technological developments from the laboratory to the stage to mass production. If the photos this time was 112 years old, electricity-about 80, -12 Television, the ddya bomb it dropped to 6, transistors, and 5 and for integrated circuits - up to 3 years. In doing so, the average period of introduction of scientific and technological development in different countries are different: in Japan it is 2-3,5 years, the United States - 5-7 years, Germany - 5-10 France - 8-10 years. International exchange of scientific and technical expertise and knowledge comes in various forms, including the traditional buying and selling of finished goods and equipment for their production, recruitment of highly skilled foreign scientists and specialists, the acquisition of licenses for advanced equipment and technology. For decades, international trade licenses occurs relatively more rapidly than trade in goods, especially in the developed capitalist countries. They account for 99% of world exports and license patents, and 85% of their imports. Leader in exports of technology are the U.S., which accounted for ^ / o of all sales of licenses in the world. Proceeds from this United States trade exceed receipts of all other leading capitalist countries-exporters: in 1987, the United States received about 11.2 billion U.S., the UK-1, 0, Italy 1, 2, Germany - 0.8, France - 0 , 6, Japan - U.S. $ 1.3 billion Among the exporters that have a specific product and «the newly industrializing countries», such as Brazil and Argentina. In the 80's trend growth in the share of patents and licenses to export United States, Britain, Japan, Argentina. In the importation of similar trend primarily to Japan, Italy, Argentina and Thailand. Japan represents a characteristic example of effective use of foreign licenses. It is necessary to remember that by 1950, the evaluation of Japanese and American press, the country of their technical level lagged behind the United States for 20-30 years. Between 1950 and 1960, Japan had purchased more than 2 thousand licenses, for which production is growing rapidly. But, having reached the advanced position in most areas of scientific and technological progress and industrial production, Japan continues to buy advanced foreign technology, as one of the largest importers of licenses. They also include Italy, Germany, France, Britain and Argentina, leading the growth of import licenses. The high rates of STP creates favorable conditions for the successful development of patent-licensing case. In turn, well-organized patent-license work is an effective and high-speed accelerators STSC. The intensive use of the achievements of NTP requires the rapid growth of expenditure on applied research. This effort focused on those industries that provide the greatest impact when the financial, human and product resources. The accelerated development of certain industries at the expense of others is increasing asymmetry between the structure and volume of domestic demand and supply. Connecting the international exchange provides an opportunity to mitigate, at least temporarily, this asymmetry. Trade licenses very profitable. According to expert estimates, the UN, buyers pay for purchased licenses from 1 to 10% of the cost of sales, which is issued on the basis of licensing agreements. If it comes to more advanced or unique scientific and technical achievements, the corresponding proportion is 1 / 3 or even 1 / 2 the cost of production. Given the fact that the wide dissemination in the world received a combination of the sale of licenses with major investments in the case of sellers, the establishment of their foreign branches and subsidiaries, the actual figures of income from the sale of licenses far exceed those that reflect the statistics. Total industrial production in the U.S. licensed abroad by 2,5 times higher than U.S. merchandise exports. The volume of production based on foreign licenses in Japan to 30.7%, Germany - 10%. The increasingly widespread agreement to acquire the affiliated organization of production on the basis of licenses, as well as agreements on licensing subsidiaries. Interlocking various cycles of the STSC in some countries with images of new flows of international exchange licenses and «know-how», as well as related traffic of goods, services, capital, forms, according to some researchers, the foundations of a new division of labor based on the sale of technology, as leading factor of the progress of production. The exchange of technology becomes, therefore, a cause and a consequence of changes in the international division of labor. In the 20 years since 1960 the global turnover of the licensed trade has grown more than 12 times. It was expected that by 2000, world trade licenses and «know how» to rise almost 10 times. The Soviet Union went to the international market licenses in the early 60's, when it created a specialized foreign trade export-import association «Litsenzintorg». Prior to this, permit trading has been sporadic for the USSR. Besides «Litsenzintorga» in the export and import licenses are involved, many other trade union associations MFERIT the USSR, as well as foreign trade company of ministries and departments, industrial associations and enterprises that have received the right of independent access to foreign markets. Every year in the USSR to create about 80 thousand of original technical solutions, which are recognized as patentable inventions. This is about 1 / 5 of all technological innovations, each year in the world. Using the invention provides a significant economic impact. For example, in 1986 they helped save more than 3.6 billion rubles. Most of the inventions created in the USSR is aimed at addressing the specific challenges faced by any industry that is one reason of the fact that the patented abroad for a relatively small part of the Soviet inventions. Thus, in the 1971-1988 years of patenting abroad was a little over 20 thousand inventions. More than 60% of Soviet exports licenses are in the country - members of CMEA. This is the result of work carried out under the coordination of plans for scientific and technological development in the CMEA and the well-established system of mutual information about scientific and technological achievements. Among the industrialized countries of the West's largest buyer of Soviet licenses is Germany. Approximately the same number of licenses sold in Japan and Italy, some less - in the United States and France. Sale of licenses in the UK is episodic. More recently, the bulk of sales abroad of Soviet licenses were licensed in the field of mechanical engineering, power engineering and electrical engineering. In the 80 years the structure began to change dramatically. In the first place (more than 20%) withdrew the license of instrumentation, radio-electronics, communications (including software). Significantly increased the proportion of such areas as construction, production of construction materials, medicine, welding, as well as the many and varied development institutes of USSR, the Soviet republics and ministries. Their share reached 33%. Targeted, evidence-based policy for the exchange of technology is a powerful lever for the problems of indigenous technical re-equipment of entire industries, and in the shortest possible time and with great economic benefit. The work on the sale and purchase of licenses, as in any other trade, can play a big role, technical specialists, scientists, designers, specialists in patent cases, lawyers, as well as research, design organizations and industrial enterprises. They should be involved at all stages, including pre-trial preparation, the formation conditions of license agreements, and then their performance. This requires that managers and engineers of industry personnel, research and trade organizations and companies involved in buying and selling of licenses, knowledge both general and specific problems encountered in this process. The protection of intellectual property. The main task of the legal protection of results of intellectual activity in the industry - is the provision for a certain period of time (up to 20 years) the authors of the technical solutions, scientists, researchers and inventors as a reward for their creative work the exclusive right of his invention. They can either use the invention, or transfer these rights for a certain sum to another person. In doing so, the patent holder may prohibit any person from using his gifts of invention. Legal protection of industrial property, first, gives authors the right to an invention - the fruits of their creative activity, and secondly, allows the author, along with the results of creative activity, and receive compensation. Such legal protection of inventions author guarantees that the results of his creative work will be donated by third parties. Protection of research results and development (R & D) patents - the most important task of any business, because without the legal protection they can easily become victims of competitors. When you publish information about new developments or the release of the product to market without patent protection for a competitor is able to save time and money on research and development and through this to get additional profit. Moreover, the competitor may suddenly patent someone else's unprotected development that would jeopardize the production at the plant, originally owned the technology. This is particularly dangerous for enterprises seeking to maintain their development in secret. As practice shows, science and technology are advancing so rapidly that similar solutions are in the head by various specialists in different countries almost simultaneously. However, today there is a trend where companies and enterprises, guided by various reasons, are increasingly abandoning their patenting invention. One of the reasons for the decision may be the fact that the wording of the patent shall indicate the direction of the search competitors. Often, when a large value of Soviet inventions for several years did not receive a patent in the West, but after the same invention is made by the west, the Soviet applicant under any pretext refused to grant a patent. It should take into account that the patenting of inventions, the introduction of which in the Soviet Union for one reason or another has not been carried out may be unnecessary, since a similar solution would be found in another country or it is morally obsolete because of the length of design patents. In any case, the costs of patenting remain unrecovered. Practice also shows that such protection is not always effective, even in the case of a patent. When selling unpatented technology ( «know how») the only protection document becomes a license agreement, which provides a special point of preserving the confidentiality of the information and damages in the event of its breach. With the assistance of trained lawyers, such protection may be regarded as sufficient. The basis for the legal protection of inventions is the technical information is an important part of a patent description. They are sometimes referred to as «raw material of scientific and technological progress». Before the research necessary to establish the level of technical knowledge on this issue and to include it in their designs. Knowledge of the latest technology to prevent erroneous decisions when planning and conducting research and development and, consequently, the wrong investments. This knowledge will help find solutions to work around others' patents or to identify in advance the possibility of acquiring the necessary licenses. Objects of industrial property protected by patents, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks and service marks. Patent - an essential instrument in the field of legal protection for scientific and technological achievements. It provides a patent holder the exclusive right to the territory where it is issued. In most developed countries, patents are granted by public authorities only after examination of the existence of the application of criteria for patentability. The most common criteria for patentability are novelty, the availability of inventiveness and industrial applicability. The major sources of patent law in each country are the national patent laws. In the field of international patent law currently in force: the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883, the Convention on the Grant of European Patents, Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT); Havana agreement on the recognition of protection. The Soviet Union was a party to the first, third and fourth agreements. As part of the legal base of cooperation USSR license from the capitalist countries is the bilateral agreement governing the legal protection of industrial property. At present the USSR is the patent-licensing agreements with most Western industrialized nations. Almost all western countries also signed long-term agreements on industrial, economic and scientific-technical cooperation. The text of these agreements or protocols and annexes, as a rule, there are special articles and paragraphs, which indicates possible co-operation of licensed facilities. Effects of a patent means that only the owner has the right to dispose of the invention and to decide how it will be used: in their own businesses, in joint venture or a license to be sold. In addition, the patent holder has the right to prohibit the unlawful acts of third persons who infringe the patent. If the object is a patent product, the third person is not allowed: to make it, offer to sell, implement, put into circulation. If the object of a patent is a way, the third person must not: use this method myself, to offer it to use, offer for sale a product made specifically for this method, apply a product specifically designed for this mode, enter this product in traffic, import it . The value of patent protection for product sales is that the patent provides: 1. expand the choice of competition; 2. remove from the market or weaken a competitor; 3. obtain the exclusive right to commercial use of the product; 4. stimulate demand for the product, as a reference for this purpose for a patent is more effective than a simple description; 5. get a basis for granting the license. Effects of a patent does not cover: 1) the use of the invention: for private purposes, to conduct experiments on board ships, aircraft and land vehicles temporarily on the territory of the patent; 2) those who prior to the filing of a patent application to use the invention or made the necessary preparations (the so-called. The right of prior use); 3) to cases where the government decides to alienate a patent for its use in the public interest or in the interest of safety. In these cases, the patent holder has the right to equitable remuneration. The main motivations of firms in recent years to apply for patents in the European Patent Office, were (in descending order of importance): the preservation of technical and technological leadership, long-term protection of critical external markets, protection of new investment required for the commercialization of inventions, the creation of basis for the license, the promotion of sales and marketing. The main reasons for rejection of applications for patents in the United States in the 1982-1986 year were: the difficulty of ascertaining violations of the patent, the high value of the shares against the violations, too lengthy and complicated application procedures, high patent fees, the high fees of notary attorneys, short life cycle of a product or process, considerations of privacy. Features of the preparation, execution and implementation of licensing agreements. The feasibility of the sale of technology can be attributed to one of three reasons: - An inability or not, for whatever reason, its use within the country; _ Economic or political impossibility export of products manufactured by this technology in the territory of any country or several countries because of their restrictive practices, and various kinds of barriers - large volume of the domestic market. In the first case of selling licenses for the technology will partially or completely restore the cost spent on its development, the second - to penetrate closed markets for merchandise exports, in the third - to accelerate the saturation of the domestic market, reduce costs, or as something else to take advantage of international division of labor . There may be other reasons for the sale of technology, especially in the countries - members of CMEA, where there are no barriers to exports and where the appropriateness of the sale of licenses is determined primarily based on the interests of cooperation and specialization. Partner search is the third major challenge to the implementation of export licenses after a decision on the appropriateness of patenting the results of research and development and the feasibility of selling in the form of a patent or bespatentnoy ( «know how») License. In relationships between organizations and enterprises of the USSR and the socialist countries, this is relatively simple: the transfer of technology on a commercial basis is generally the logical continuation of the scientific-technical and production cooperation. Furthermore, in our country enough available information on the programs of scientific and production organizations and enterprises in the socialist countries. Search for potential licensees among firms in developed capitalist countries can not be restricted only to selected productive principle - on the type of products, which coincides with the proposed technology as possible to businesses and organizations of socialist countries. On the one hand, one should bear in mind that small firms often can not afford the considerable cost of acquiring technology, which are connected not only with the purchase, but also with the capital investment for the introduction of this new technology and the organization at its new production base. In addition, these costs are recovered only after a certain period of time. On the other hand, large firms have their own scientific and technical centers and planned research and development related to the improvement and modification of their production by 10-15 year perspective. Many large companies are connected with the military-industrial complex and have very large subsidies from the state budget of their countries in the development and introduction of technologies related to military objectives. Under such conditions it is obvious that they are, except in rare cases, would not be interested in the procurement of technology from the socialist countries. With regard to medium-sized firms, they often can not afford to maintain their own research centers, but in order to successfully compete with more powerful adversaries are forced to make an effort to get the most advanced technology. They need either to maintain production at a level slightly higher than the world average, or to seek new directions and new technologies to expand markets. At the same time, such firms have the financial capability for substantial cost of acquiring and mastering new technologies. Thus, the most likely potential licensees should be found among medium-sized firms. All that has been said about the search for a potential buyer of technology in the socialist countries, also applies to finding a potential seller (licensor). When searching for a particular technology vendor in the Western market evolving challenge. When purchasing a particular technology often faces the question of the acquisition of «hybrid» license that is comprehensive transfer of rights to patents and business secrets ( «know how»), accompanied with all necessary information and complete the purchase of technological equipment under a single license agreement. In this case, the search for potential partners should begin with larger and larger firms. The object of the license can be any meaningful development, the technological nature of the material or alloy material, the method of treatment, methods of searching, or mining operations, methods of calculations (including computer software), information, institutional, financial, managerial, etc. as with the invention, and do not contain any, as well as trademarks and industrial designs. The object must have NONINFRINGEMENT. Patent cleanliness - the legal property of the object. meaning that it can be used in this country without violating operating on its territory, protection of exclusive rights (patents owned by third parties). The object must have sufficient technical and economic advantages relative to available at this time in the markets. It must be mastered in the domestic industry to the stage, allowing the buyer to guarantee the achievement of certain technical and economic indicators. Practice shows that potential buyers often refuse to acquire technology, not brought to industrial use. In some cases, sale of technology is impossible due to the lack of a patent (or other security document). Advertising licenses is significantly different from the advertising of commercial products primarily to the fact that it is directed at the manufacturer, rather than the consumer. It follows that, in addition to basic information about the object in the prospectus are reported on how the object can be made to use, provides general information about raw materials, used equipment and accessories, performance, and indicates the percentage of the output of finished products, presents data on the energy process , there are particular operation. This should avoid the disclosure of «know-how». It is important to start the advertising work where the objective possibilities are ripe for an agreement and carry out all its terms. Thus, it is impractical to begin advertising before the developer will receive confirmation of the effectiveness of the facility license and conduct the necessary work to obtain protection for the development. A premature withdrawal of advertising can discredit development, belated - is useless. In order to ascertain the intentions of a potential buyer and refine their own capacity for preliminary talks, a meeting of technical experts. They are discussed in detail all the parameters of the facility license, the transfer of rights, the scope and nature of services provided, including the secondment of experts to the buyer and receiving specialist for education and training, the amount and type of information transmitted, the timing of assignment and training, the preparation of information for transmission, the possibility supply of equipment, products and other commercial products, necessary for the development of products under license. Such negotiations are discussed technical, economic and legal guarantees of patent and seller. It is desirable the presence of patent services. Preliminary negotiations could conclude a protocol of intent or developed by the technical annexes to the treaty, Initialed (initialed) by both sides. In other words, at the preliminary talks can be discussed and formulated almost all issues, except for purely legal and commercial problems. As the technical parameters of the contract substantially affect the content of the rest of his constituents, the importance of preliminary talks very high. The extent of the possible disclosure of «know-how» of the invention, or a potential buyer in preliminary negotiations depends on its popularity and credibility at the international and Soviet markets. The price for a license must provide the buyer, for all its costs in the acquisition, including the payment of licenses, capital investment at its introduction, labor, time spent, etc., to ultimately make a profit in excess profits from the market of products manufactured by similar technology, and quite stable over a long period. This is possible if the introduction of technology affect either the increase in productivity, or to use cheaper materials, or to improve the quality of products (to create a qualitatively new type of product), or can cause a cumulative effect of these factors. In the Soviet Union developed a methodology for calculating the price of a license based on the global experience of licensed trade. When the price of license or, as it is called, the remuneration payable to the buyer the seller for the use of technology and the loss of markets, will present a portion of the profit the buyer received when using technology. According to international practice, the proportion of the seller of technology in the profit the buyer typically ranges from 10 to 35%. The most common forms of payment of the license agreement is royalty and lump-sum payments. Royalties - This licensing fee in the form of periodic payments (a percentage of profits or sales of products manufactured by licensed technology). In its pure form or in combination with other types of payments to occur in the vast majority (90%) of all license agreements. Royalties are usually paid at the end of each year of the agreement, beginning with the date of the finished product. The form of the calculation of the amount of sales is used when the definition of real profits licensee associated with complications. Fluctuations in prices on the world market could reduce the earnings of Licensee to make burdensome and royalties in the amount of firmly established. Therefore, the long-term agreements apply different rates, changing from year to year. Specific decrease in the rates of growth of sales is used to encourage the licensee to increased production volumes. Lump-sum payment is a payment firm fixed lump-sum licensing fee or a 2-3 reception. This form occurs rarely, usually during the sale of rights to patents, or in the development of technology at the level of ideas. In practice, most often found combined charges, which includes an initial amount in the form of lump-sum payment (10-13% of the total price of the license), and subsequent periodic payments (royalties). The validity of the license agreement is dependent on: - the patent situation (the validity of patents and their reliability), if it is a proprietary technology, the degree of novelty and the likelihood of disclosure of «know-how»; - The conditions of other agreements on the same or close production; -The desire of the developer to obtain data on the licensee to improve the facility agreement during the term of the agreement; - The time required to develop a license - a moral term aging facility agreement - the terms of payment, including interest of the licensee to renew the agreement with the combined payments. Depending on the factors listed in between People's practice has the following terms of license agreements: a) bespatentnyh licenses, development which does not require large capital outlays and long periods of development - 3-7 years; b) for patent licenses, the object of which is to produce short-lived moral Aging (electronics, instrumentation, communications, etc.) - 5-7 years; c) for bespatentnyh licenses, development associated with long-term supply of equipment, high capital costs and timing of development over two years - 7-10 years; d.) to patent licensing, with the exception included in group B, from 8 years or more, depending on the duration of the patent. In practice, has three basic types of licensing agreements. Under a simple licensing licensor permits under certain conditions to use the invention or the «know-how», leaving it with the right of self-management, and issuance of licenses under the terms similar to other interested parties. In practice, a simple license contracts spread to areas where licenses of the scope of mass production and widespread consumption, where production is not an accurate accounting and, moreover, a constant need for her is so great that there are several licensees in the market of one would not impede the normal licensed products. Much of it takes place in the production of medicines, foodstuffs, etc. Under a exclusive license the licensee granted an exclusive right to use inventions or trade secrets within the limits specified in the agreement and the licensor can not provide similar conditions for a license to others (companies). However, this does not preclude the licensor's right to use the subject of this license, as well as a license to others (companies) on terms not contrary to the terms of the first agreement. Most of the time limit conditions apply to the territory within which the licensee may use its exclusive rights. Exclusive license is the most frequently used type of license agreement in the world, and in Soviet practice. The meaning of the contract the full license is the licensor that the licensee is fully concede all rights to use the invention (secrets) for the duration of the contract. This is the licensor within this period shall be deprived of the use of the license. The agreement is usually a full license when the licensor does not have the capacity for self-use of any invention or to commercial work to implement the invention on the market to other potential buyers. In the Soviet Union now operates a permissive licensing procedure. It means that the State, through the State Committee on Science and Technology (GKNT USSR) shall authorize the sale abroad of each license. An exception is made for a license sold in the country - members of the CMEA in the existing direct links and in carrying out works on the Integrated Program of scientific and technological progress of member countries of CMEA (MP STSC). In these cases, the decision on the sale of licenses was adopted by Soviet organizations having a direct connection is the lead on this issue, the Integrated Program. To obtain permission for the sale of licenses needed to prepare the relevant documents, the principal of which are licensed passport feasibility of selling and advertising the project and technical descriptions. It is also necessary to have a document confirming the purity of the alleged object of the patent license. The collected documents are sent to sub-license the State Committee for Inventions and discoveries. License passport - a document justifying the possibility of selling the facility to a foreign buyer the license agreement. Purchases in advance of large-scale technologies are included in the state five-year plan specifying the annual plans. The decision on the current large-scale unplanned purchases licenses takes the appropriate government authority. Ministries and departments, as well as organizations and businesses can purchase from companies licensed in the resources available to them, without an additional appropriation from the state budget. In this case, authorization for the acquisition of technology gives GKNT SSSR. The exception, as in the case of sales, amount of license purchased under the direct links, or in carrying out works on the IP STSC. Companies and organizations, outlining to buy a license, according to the results of preliminary talks with the companies are preparing a draft agreement with the feasibility study the feasibility of such an acquisition and calculation of its cost-effectiveness. Documents handed to the sectoral ministries or agencies, which, if necessary, agree them Gosplane USSR Goskomtsene Gossnabe USSR and the Soviet Union and send to MOF GKNT USSR and the Soviet Union to obtain permission. All licensing transaction in which one party is a Soviet organization, are in writing. On the Soviet side, they must be signed by two individuals, either with La is right under the post, or authorized by the relevant powers of attorney. Restructuring of foreign economic activity, access to foreign markets of industrial ministries, departments, enterprises, associations and cooperatives dramatically increase the ability of the Soviet Union to participate in the international division of labor, including in the sphere of high technology products, technology trade.
