History of Development of Insurance. Insurance occurrence
Date: 22 January 2009
In pre-capitalistic companies insurance mutual aid was the basic form of insurance. At first it had character of single agreements on mutual aid in the field of travelling, wandering trade, both overland, and marine. Agreements concerned the goods and transportation agents in which quality the marine ships and pack animals acted. It is supposed, that primary forms of insurance met for 2 millenia B.C., in particular in laws of Babylon tsar Hammurapi, which provided agreement undertaking between participants of a trading caravan about together to be in the red, comprehended someone from them in transit from an attack of robbers, a robbery, theft etc.
In the field of navigation of the agreement on mutual distribution of losses from ship-wreck and other marine dangers consisted between korabelshchikami-merchants on coast of Persian gulf, in Phoenicia, etc. There are data that in the Ancient Greece there were agreements of merchants-pirates concerning questions as revenue distributions from the trading-predatory operations, and distributions of losses from the marine dangers bound to these operations. Interesting data the science about insurance relations in trade sphere in history of the people of the former USSR, for example, at Ukrainian chumakov possesses. CHumachestvo has arisen in 13 century and continued to play an essential role in the Ukrainian trade up to occurrence of railways. CHumaki went with fish and salt to coast of the Black and Azov seas, sold these goods at fairs, purchased there other goods and carried them in different places. They made the travel by caravans (bands), on supplies harnessed by oxen. By customs chumatskoj trade it was established, that if in transit at chumaka the ox on collective money other is purchased will fall. In all these cases one is looked through and tazhe the purpose: maintenance of compensation for damages from natural and other dangers of each of participants of trading, travelling collective together, at the expense of all its members. One feature is characteristic also - here there is no still a regularity of payments introduced to the general cash desk. The organisation of a safety fund expressed in obligations to pay damages as the subsequent apportion, represents the most ancient form of insurance. Further insurance acquires more perfect form, that is it to be under construction on the basis of regular payments which lead to accumulation (accumulation) of money resources and safety fund creation. This transition is, of course, carried out not at once, and any time both these forms of insurance exist in parallel or supplementing one another. Such character, probably, the organisations of constant is professional-corporate type wore, data about which go back to deep olden time. Problems of these organisations included material aid rendering to their members in accidents, and in case of mors - to the deserted families. They existed, in particular, in Ancient India and in Ancient Egypt and were on advantage the organisations of mutual aid of handicraftsmen and dealers. At all insufficiency of the data present about them, keeping opened a question on, whether there was at them a constant safety fund or allowances were paid as the subsequent apportion, according to some scientists, here already there were regular insurance premiums bound to certain terms.
