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| Before answering this question, let us face some obvious facts. So far, the European Union has been the most advanced and successful alliances of the independent countries in the modern history. One cannot deny that it is only the EU which established - at least in the first pillar - a new legal order for its Member States, by which they voluntarily shared their sovereignty based on the rule of law in order to achieve the common task, as set forth by Article 2 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community: '...to promote throughout the Community a harmonious and balanced development of economic activities, sustainable and non-inflationary growth respecting the environment, a high degree of convergence of economic performance, a high level of employment and of social protection, the raising of a standard of living and quality of life, and economic and social cohesion and solidarity among Member States.'i But as with any other international treaty, there is always room for diversity in interpretation. If the right to interpret the Treaty provisions and other Community legislation had been vested in Member States, the EU would have been nothing different but just another international treaty nicely falling within the general system of public international law, where no contracting party can be bound against its will. The EU is unique to have the European Court of Justice which, unlike any other international tribunals, has a compulsory jurisdiction and an exclusive authority to interpret the Community legislation - at least, with respect to the first pillar of the EU. By widely interpreting the EC legislation and relying not just on the text, but also on 'the spirit' of the Treaty, the European Court of Justice has actually developed its own doctrine which is now seen as one of the important sources of the Community law. This doctrine has played a crucial role in implementing EU policies, since the text of the Treaty and other Community legislation cannot cover in detail all aspects of integration. Despite the instability of its development, the EU remains by far more efficient that any other possible alternatives. The EU is a major achievement and is still on the move. IGCs being clearly inter-state negotiations bear little resemblance to classical diplomatic conferences reviewing international treaties. European Treaty reform 'is perhaps better looked at as the constitutional process - with an integral role being played by the representatives of the people, both at national and European level.'ii
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Introduction
The State System of any nation is not an artificial creation of some genius or simply the embodiment of different rational schemes. It is nothing else but a work of many centuries, a product of a national spirit, a political mentality and the consciousness of people.
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| The U.K of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch, Queen Elizabeth II as head of state. The organs of government are : Parliament, the executive and the judiciary. The legislature, Parliament, is the supreme authority. It comprises 2 chambers - the House of Lords and House of Commons - together with the Queen in her constitutional role.
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| GLOBE INTERNATIONAL president Takashi Kosugi established a Subcommittee on Low Emission Vehicles in his political party in February this year. On June 2.2, the committee released an intermediary report with proposals on how the government could promote the use of low emission vehicles. The committee will put pressure on the Japanese government to take action along those lines. Chaired by Kosugi, the committee has 25 members.
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The Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution and their purpose
PROTECTIONS AFFORDED FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Amendment 1
Freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly; the right to petition government
PROTECTIONS AGAINST ARBITRARY MILITARY ACTION
Amendment 2
Right to bear arms and maintain state militias (National Guard).
Amendment 3
Troops may not be quartered in homes in peacetime.
PROTECTION AGAINST ARBITRARY POLICE AND COURT ACTION
Amendment 4
No unreasonable searches or seizures.
Amendment 5
Grand jury indictment required to prosecute a person for a serious crime. No "double jeopardy" - being tried twice for the same offence. Forcing a person to testify against himself or herself prohibited. No loss of life, liberty or property without due process.
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| The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each of which has its own government ("state government"). In some ways the United States is like 50 small countries. Each state has its own governor, its own police and its own laws. The present constitution was proclaimed in 1787 in Philadelphia, the President is the head of the whole country and the government and "commandeering chief" of the armed forces. He makes the most important decisions and chooses the ministers, the members of his cabinet. But the President cannot do just what he wants. The Congress must agree first. Americans choose a new president every four years.
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| The British Parliament is the oldest in the world. It originated in the 12th century as Witenagemot, the body of wise counselors whom the King needed to consult pursuing his policy. The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head. The House of Commons plays the major role in law-making. It consists of Members of Parliament (called MPs for short). Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. MPs are elected either at a general election or at a by-election following the death or retirement.
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