New century Bulgaria has met, being already absolutely other country, rather than after Clearing. A heat of discussions between liberals and conservatives poumerilsja, consignments have transferred the struggle to offices of confidants of prince Ferdinand. Rusofoby supporters of dictatorship — over supporters of democracy have won Russophiles. Ferdinand I has established «a personal mode», kept on fear and corruption. Rusofobija has mentioned even such subject as memory of national-liberation movement 1876-1878 the sacred Alexander Nevskogo's constructed in 1912 in honour of Russian soldiers-liberators and three years standing neosacred, in 1915 by the governmental order Temple-monument has been renamed into Cathedral church sacred ravnoapostolnyh Cyril and Mefodija with the following argument: «Alexander Nevskogo's Name... Never responded national expectations and ideals».
In 1920 the law has returned to a temple a former name, but consecration has taken place only in 1924, and only after numerous requests of the public.
Liberals by the end of XIX century have broken up into three primary groups. Actually liberals were headed by Vasil Radoslavov who has proclaimed a rate on cooperation with the Tripartite alliance and active foreign policy. Thanks to support of a princely court yard this group has achieved considerable influence on a political life of Bulgaria.
In 1904 the part of the liberals dissatisfied mainly Radoslavovym, has proclaimed itself Mladoliberalnoj in lots, but achieve wide recognition could not, as requests of new political education differed nothing from the program "radoslavistov".
Petko Karavelov has united a part of Russophiles, has created Democratic party and supervised over it to the death in January, 1903 After it the chairman became Alexander Malinov, managed to involve in numbers of democrats a part of upper class and set of talented young men that has helped a consignment to become enough influential political force.
Dragan TSankov has issued a moderate wing of Liberal party in progressive-Liberal party (PLP) which, however, has appeared incapable to define the internal political rate. In foreign policy PLP adhered rusofilskoj to orientation. Representatives of this consignment some times formed a government, but the big influence have not reached.
In 1902 from Democratic party the Radical democratic party has broken away. Its founder, N.Tsanov, was the supporter of the social state and complete self-management in all areas of a public life. Radical democrats were opponents of regular army, urged to distribute to the population the weapon and ammunition. Besides, they suggested to unite Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece in the Balkan confederation.
Radicals in the majority considered it necessary to save a monarchy, but only as a national symbol. They have been deprived chances of success — such exotic ideology on those times at the majority called only a smile, — but followers TSanova did not wish to endow the principles for the sake of the power. Conservatives have renamed themselves into People party and have changed a foreign policy. The matter is that the Bulgarian land owners were dissatisfied with dumping deliveries of agricultural production from Germany and consequently expected by cautious rapprochement with Antantoj to achieve from Berlin the sanction on increase of the customs duties. By the way, during same time rejhsrat (parliament) of Austro-Hungary has supported the administration bill introduced by the Country party of an interdiction for importation in empire of German pork as the Austrian meat was more expensively and more low quality...
progermanski Ferdinand's adjusted environment I did not like People party and consequently the former conservatives did not manage to achieve the big influence. After Konstantin Stoilova's death (1901) they could save unity, but to the power not so authoritative people have come to consignments. Were formed and absolutely fresh consignments.
National Liberal party (NLP) which ideological inspirer was Stefan Stambolov became one of them. It has started to form this organisation at the board — to hold in National meeting of correct people. After resignation and destruction Stambolova the consignment has fallen into decay (process of discharge from a management of supporters of the former prime minister subsequently has received the name destambolovizatsija), but in a turn of the century activity NLP has quickened. The consignment was entered by attorneys, teachers, prosperous shopkeepers and handicraftsmen, competent workers.
«Economic development acceleration» (not without the aid of foreign partners) became main principle of policy NLP. In the field of foreign policy the consignment has selected a rate on close co-operation with Germany and Austria, considering, that only with their help Bulgaria can achieve an appreciable place on international scene.
Representatives of this consignment repeatedly became at the head of the Cabinet of Bulgaria, as Ferdinand I considered them (probably, not without justification) as the most reliable support of the throne.
In 1908 struggle for the power has resulted NLP in split. Two wings were allocated: Dobri Petkova and Ivan Gennadieva. Politically they almost did not differ, but group Petkova has won palace intrigues. In 1913 the government under chairmanship Radoslavova has been generated; «the grey cardinal» at this prime minister was Dobri Petkov. So Bulgaria has appeared among allies of Germany.
In 1891 at top Buzuludzha there has passed constituent congress of the Bulgarian social-democratic party (BSDP) which ideology has been based on ideas of Marxism. In 1894 Dimitr Blagoev has headed struggle against opportunistic currents and has based the Bulgarian working social-democratic party (BRSDP). In 1903 from BRSDP the group of reformists has broken away, but fidelity of considerably-irreconcilable ideology have saved tesnjaki. Since 1919 their association was called as the Bulgarian communist party — and under such name has existed till 1990
The Bulgarian agricultural national union (BZNS) was other consignment of similar orientation. BZNS defended social democratic orientation of the state, the parliamentary monarchy, independent foreign policy. As follows from the name, its skeleton was made by small land owners and leasers, therefore in an economic part of the program support of the small private proprietor was proclaimed. This ideology named in Bulgaria orange.
Alexander Stambolijsky was leader BZNS (on-bolgarski correct to speak and write Stambolijski, Levski etc., but I will use forms more habitual to Russian ear; besides, long time in Bulgaria in solemn occasions variants of names and the surnames, similar to the Russian were applied: «Ferdinand I, the prince Blgarsky», instead of «Ferdinand I, knjaz Blgarski».)
In the field of economy the situation was not changed at all. Dependence of Bulgaria on the foreign capital was so high, that any government of the country did not risk to go further minor alterations in this sphere; the West did not change the relation to economically dependent countries.
So, in Bulgaria to the beginning of the XX-th century the number of consignments has considerably increased, but the politicians capable really to resist to an arbitrariness of prince Ferdinand I, does not remain. Besides, people have got tired of political storms of the first years after Clearing; all would like stability and calmness. Therefore those consignments which the monarch lent support used real influence only.
The Bulgarian democracy became operated, as has led to a victory rusofobov. In economy of serious changes also did not occur. But to stability and calmness it was very far...
The Berlin peace treatise as it has already been told, to Bulgaria granted the status of protectorate of Ottoman empire. Though in a reality the country independently conducted foreign policy and for a long time already in what was not subject to Istanbul, the dependent state status restrained national vanity of Bulgarians. About independence have started to speak as about real possibility after July, 11th, 1908 when in Ottoman empire there was a revolution and to the power the government mladoturok has come. On August, 30th, 1908 Bulgaria has unambiguously shown, that wishes to achieve as soon as possible: the Bulgarian ambassador in Istanbul Ivan Geshov (the formal leader of People party) has not come on celebrating of birthday of the sultan. Soon after that it has been withdrawn from Turkey. In the answer Ottoman empire has withdrawn the ambassador from Sofia. The Balkans have justified again a rank of "a powder cellar of Europe».
The question on independence of Bulgaria has appeared in the middle attention of great powers: after all revision of the Berlin agreement was in interests not only Sofia, and it would not be desirable to create precedent to anybody. If to speak particularly Austria prepared for annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In September, 1908 in Sofia Ferdinand's confidential meetings I with Austrian emperor Frantsem-Iosifom have taken place some. On them the Viennese monarch has promised to the Bulgarian prince loyalty of the Tripartite alliance at declaration of independence of Bulgaria.
On September, 22nd, 1908 in tyrnovskoj churches of Sacred forty martyrs solemn ceremony of declaration of the new state — Kingdoms of Bulgaria has taken place.
And soon Austria declared annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Has used a situation and the Greece which has seized Cyprus. «The sick person of Europe» has appeared incapable of resistance. However for independence finding under the international rules of law it was required not only its declaration, but also a recognition by Turkey. High Port has agreed to make it but provided that Bulgaria will pay the independence.
The sum required has appeared too big, and Alexander Malinova's government has refused to pay it. In an inconvenient situation Russia which, as well as during association of Bulgaria, did not begin to pay attention on rusofobskuju a policy of the governor has come to the aid and has helped the country which has released in due course from osmanskogo yokes. Turkey have excused the part of its debts corresponding to a sum required. The Russian-Bulgarian friendship was still live.
On January, 9th, 1909 Bulgaria has been officially recognised by an independent state. Macedonia possessed in the middle of Balkan peninsula, always differed rare ethnic and religious diversity. Its time named «a reproduction of the Balkans».
In country territory in the XX-th century beginning Bulgarians, Albanians, Slavs-Moslems, Turks, Serbs and Greeks have been mixed. The ethnos Macedonians, in my opinion, really does not exist if, of course, not to consider as that a mix of all these nations or all who speaks in Macedonian language (the Bulgarian linguistics, by the way, does not recognise Macedonian as independent language, considering, what is it — hardly changed Bulgarian). "Macedonians" have been invented by court ethnographers of marshal Tito that the population of Socialist Republic of Macedonia did not feel connected with the Prosoviet Bulgaria. I will notice, that during Kresnensko-Razlozhsky revolt anybody "Macedonian" did not consider itself(himself).
The strategic location of Macedonia forced all Balkan states to struggle actively for its earths. More often to the aid of politicians the revolutionary organisations, allowing to arrange national-liberation revolts though they usually operated not only irrespective of the governments, but also to the detriment of with it came, is frequent them compromising in the opinion of world community. In first half of XX-th century national-liberation struggle of Macedonian Bulgarians has played histories of Bulgaria a considerable role (for example, Macedonian insurgents rather actively participated in the Balkan wars). After suppression of Kresnensko-Razlozhsky revolt of 1878 national-liberation struggle of Bulgarians in Macedonia has ceased. Has not provoked new performances even association of Bulgaria in 1885 But calm was short.
On October, 23rd, 1893 in Saloniki has begun job Bulgarian makedonsko-odrinsky revolutionary committee (BMORK). Joining of Macedonia and area Edirne (it Adrianople, it Odrin) to Bulgaria was its purpose. Thus founders did not exclude also granting of Macedonia a wide autonomy as a part of Ottoman empire. It has been created some kind of the fighting organisation — teams chetnikov; formation of a national home guard — rural militia was supposed.
In 1902 the organisation charter has been accepted. It was renamed in Secret makedonsko-odrinskuju the revolutionary organisation (TMORO). The organisation was issued as nationalist: only Bulgarians there could be accepted, but restrictions on creed were not. The Program-minimum assumed formation sandzhakov (the basic administrative units of Ottoman empire) to a national sign, the program-maximum remained former — joining of Macedonia and Edirne to Bulgaria.
The management of the new organisation was accepted by skilled revolutionary Gotse Delchev. In 1895 in Sofia the Supreme Macedonian committee (VMK), consisting of Macedonian emigrants has been formed. The purposes were same, as well as at BMORK (subsequently TMORO, then VMORO, even later VMRO). On a joint of centuries active interaction VMK and TMORO has begun.
Under the pressure of foreign states the government of Bulgaria pursued VMK. In 1902 VMK has broken up into two committees — radical and moderated. Radicals regarded necessary the prompt revolt, moderate spoke about insufficient readiness of the population of Macedonia to performance. TMORO also opposed adventurous methods of struggle.
Nevertheless the armed performance of local population known as mountain-Dzhumajsky revolt has occurred in the spring of 1902 in a river Struma valley in Pirinsky Macedonia (nowadays the southwest of Bulgaria). Civil guardsmen desperately battled to regular Turkish armies, but have suffered defeat. Thousand refugees have directed to Bulgaria, being rescued from excesses of the governmental armies. In air has again begun to smell war. Ferdinand I who were not wishing wars, has addressed behind the help to the patrons to Vienna — and to patrons of the people to Petersburg.
Russia and Austria have presented High Port the project of reform of police and gendarmerie. It was supposed to employ from means Macedonian sandzhakov the European officers, police financing also to pass local budgets. Christians could be watchmen in Christian villages only. Such vague measures could not call satisfaction of the people: transformations have christened «reform of watchmen».
On August, 2nd, 1903 in Macedonia the new, already meaningly organised revolt has begun. Soon under the control insurgentov there was a considerable territory, but against 20 thousand insurgents have been thrown 350 thousand Turk, and chances to keep a victory were not.
Gotse Delchev has directed the Bulgarian government the request for the military help, but has received resolute failure. Russia reorienting the foreign policy to the Far East, declared a neutrality. For the help to wait there was no place, and insurgents have departed in remote areas about the Bulgarian border. So they managed to avoid a capitulation shame, but performance TMORO has actually been suppressed. Soon TMORO has renamed itself in VMORO (Internal makedonsko-odrinskaja the revolutionary organisation), thereby underlining, that they and VMK (the external organisation) one another supplement.
Next years have been noted by bloody struggle for the power between various currents inside VMORO. Then many talented chiefs of the organisation were lost. It seemed, that Macedonian national-liberation movement has suffered definitive defeat.
The new life in VMORO was inhaled by a mode establishment mladoturok. On September, 7th, 1908 under the guidance of centrist current VMORO the Union of the Bulgarian constitutional clubs which have united dwarfish avtonomistskie consignments has been created, and VMORO has actually been abolished — behind uselessness. However after toughening of the relation of the government to national minorities the union has broken up, and in the summer of 1909 centrists declared restoration VMORO.
In 1908 the leader of the left wing of the organisation has declared to Yana Sandansky creation of the National federal consignment (NFP) which, according to the program, should struggle for an autonomy of Macedonia and peaceful co-existence of all people of Ottoman empire. The consignment has been opened for people of any nationalities; moreover, the introduction into its numbers a Turk or Greeks only was welcomed. Leaders NFP have been subject to strong influence of communistic ideology, therefore it is no wonder, that they have proclaimed a main principle internationalism.
National federalists could create branches of the party only in Pirinsky Macedonia and in Saloniki and as a result remained purely Bulgarian consignment, i.e. could not realise the program. All of them managed to spend the deputy in Turkish medzhlis, but the success and was limited to it.
In 1909 the consignment part declared the reunion with VMORO, and remained, among them Sandansky, have accepted the new program. Now it was offered to make Macedonia confederation of independent communities (cantons) and to establish in it a social equality. The impossibility of realisation of these plans has led to actual disintegration of a consignment in 1910 and to its partial dissolution in VMORO. In 1911 the recreated organisation has united with VMK. Necessity of resolute struggle against the Turkish government has forced leaders VMORO to toughen party discipline and to terminate internal squabbles. The organisation became the powerful force, capable to cope again with the weakening Ottoman empire. But now the destiny of the Balkans was already in hands of politicians, instead of revolutionaries...
As it has already been told, the Balkans in the end of XIX century have dropped out of a sphere of influence of Russia. In 1903 in Serbia there was svergnuta Proaustrian royal dynasty Obrenovichej, but it has not hardly affected general conditions on peninsula.
The Berlin congress has kept all Balkan states the dissatisfied: Turkey dreamt to restore former greatness; Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia wished to seize is strategic the important Macedonia which is in the middle peninsulas. However, despite contradictions, the Balkan states saw the main enemy in Turkey — in the state, allied Germany.
One by one to be at war with huge empire it was impossible: it was proved by bitter experience of Serbia in 1876 and Greece in 1897 Therefore in the XX-th century beginning not without influence of secret diplomacy of the countries Antanty the Balkan union as a part of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro has been created. On the Balkans there was a lot of labour so, and soldiers, but economically these countries were not independent and even use the military potential without foreign financial aid could not. Besides, the Union has been shattered, and in emergency it was possible to play on contradictions between its members. Certainly, last could use and the opponent...
On March, 16th, 1911 Bulgarian tsar Ferdinand I has nominated as the prime minister of the leader of People party Ivan Geshova, ministerial portfolioes have got also to representatives Progressively-Liberal party. It meant turn of Bulgaria to Antante.
Soon the amendment allowing to the government has been introduced to the Constitution is independent, without the parliament sanction to conclude international dogovory.
In 1912 the Balkan union has been legally issued by corresponding international agreements, and armies of the countries entering into it perevooruzheny and are strengthened.
In August, 1912 operations on border of Turkey and Montenegro have begun. Account of Montenegro monarch Nikoly was simple: he wished to make the tiny state the martyr and to incite world public opinion against a Turk. In a difficult environment of Montenegro it is possible to keep long defence, and human a victim of the king interested a little.
On September, 17th, 1912 in Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece mobilisation has simultaneously begun, and on October, 5th armies of the Balkan union have passed Turkish border. Oppression of the slavic and Christian population of Macedonia became a formal occasion to start war.
From the very beginning the Turkish armies demoralised, badly trained and armed, began to suffer defeats. In Macedonia the Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek soldiers at support of teams VMRO nagolovu have broken Turkish parts. Edirne which were considered unapproachable, has been besieged.
By the end of October osmanskaja the army has departed to the last defensive line protecting directly Istanbul. The Bulgarian armies already stood in 40 kilometres from Turkish capital.
On November, 20th, 1912 in London the armistice has been signed — and the peace talks which fast, however, have turned to arena of struggle between allies as at times inquiries and ambitions of each country were inversely proportional to its size and a population have begun. But here there was an unforeseen. On January, 10th, 1913 the Turkish army has suddenly passed in counterattack and has rejected Bulgarians from Istanbul. The Bulgarian command has made decision urgently to take Edirne to direct the released parts on a front line. After two-day storm ostensibly the unapproachable Adrianople fortress has fallen, and on a Turk new powerful blow has fallen.
On May, 17th, 1913 in London the peace treaty has been signed. Turkey refused all possession in Europe, except East Thrace. Bulgaria received an exit to Aegean sea, Edirne and bulshuju a part of Macedonia, Serbia — Northern Macedonia, Greece — Epirus, Thessaly, Southern Macedonia and some islands in Aegean sea. On east coast of Adriatic sea there was independent Albania. The last rests of greatness of Ottoman empire it has been finished.
Now disorder of the Balkan union became the Tripartite alliance main purpose. It has appeared rather simply. Macedonia where interests of all Balkan states were crossed became apple of discord, each of which considered itself unsatisfied with the acquisitions after the First Balkan war and was afraid of the former allies.
Already on May, 19th, 1913 Serbia and Greece have concluded the confidential agreement directed against Bulgaria, soon Montenegro has joined it. The Bulgarian government has addressed to Nikolay II with the request for arbitration, but Petersburg then trusted Serbia where the power had Russophiles more.
Sofia absolutely mad decision to attack was accepted, not waiting aggressions. At night with 15 for June, 16th, 1913 the Bulgarian 2nd army attacked the Greek items near Saloniki, and 4th — Serbian in Macedonia. So has begun Interallied (the Second Balkan) war.
Both Bulgarian armies could not become successful in battles with opponents surpassing by their number. On June, 28th Bulgaria declared war Romania. Turkish armies have taken in the meantime Edirne. On July, 28th, 1913 in Bucharest the peace treaty according to which Bulgaria gave to Greece a part of territories at coast of Aegean sea, Turkey — Edirne has been signed and refused the rights to Macedonia (except urban district Strumitsa).
The Balkan union has terminated the existence, the Bulgaria which has not received from wars special benefits, has returned to Austro-German camp. So attempt of diplomats Antanty that has ended to create «the Antiaustrian belt» about which I wrote in the conclusion of the last article.
The big human losses and huge economic damage which Bulgaria has received as a result of the Balkan wars, have prevented its sharing in the First World War at the initial stage, but in 1914-1915 active restoration of armed forces was conducted. The country prepared for new war.
On September, 6th, 1915 Bulgaria has signed the allied agreement with Germany. On September, 17th the tsar has accepted leaders of opposition parties who have tried to convince Ferdinand to save a neutrality, but this attempt has appeared unsuccessful. Diplomatic relations of Bulgaria with the countries Antanty have soon been broken off. On October, 1st, 1915 Bulgaria declared war of Serbia. In army it has been mobilised about 800 thousand persons. For a month the Bulgarian armies managed to beat out Serbs from Macedonia. After disembarkation in area Salonik of armies Antanty (including Russian) the routine item war which was not accompanied by special losses, but, nevertheless, decomposing armies of opponents has begun.
It is known, what exactly the first on Saloniksky front have occurred in history of that war of fraternisation to the enemy (the truth, it concerned only Russian and Bulgarian armies.) on September, 21st, 1918, after break by armies Antanty of a front line, in the Bulgarian army mutiny under a management has begun there is nobody Rajko Daskalova, member BZNS. It has proclaimed Bulgaria republic and has led revolutionaries to Sofia.
Already on September, 30th the correct I reign parts have crushed rebels on approaches to capital, but days of board of Ferdinand I were are already considered. Loss in Interallied war and already obvious defeat in the First the world have made the business.
On October, 3rd, 1918, after signing of an armistice with Antantoj, tsar Ferdinand I under the threat of revolution has abdicated and has passed the power to the son Boris (to tsar Boris III). So for Bulgaria the First World War — and a 31-year-old epoch of board of tsar Ferdinand has ended.
This governor it is safely possible to name the uncommon person. Ferdinand never differed political foresight, it at all was not the politician at heart. Its dreams about «cross restoration on Sacred Sofia», love to the beautiful military form and awards testify without delay to inclinations of the actor, instead of about talents of the statesman.
Style of board of Ferdinand it is impossible to name authoritative — without delay absoljutistskim. But time of such governors not only has passed, but also never came, therefore it and had to leave. The problems called by its board, it was necessary to decide already absolutely to other people. On October, 4th, 1918 after a solemn liturgy in the Sofia church of Sacred Revival on a head 24-year-old the major general, the prince Tyrnovsky, duke Saxon Boris-Klementa-Roberta-Marii-Pija-Stanislava Saksen-Koburg-Gotskogo the Bulgarian crown has been assigned, and it became Boris III, the tsar of Bulgarians.
On character it was complete contrast to the father: did not like to appear on public, always carried on a uniform only two awards, did not make itself in new military ranks. Long time he forbade to mint the profile on coins, and monarchs seldom refuse to themselves in it. In a life it also differed modesty and unpretentiousness.
But it was the main thing at all. Boris III since the childhood prepared for a fate of the governor (it unique of Ferdinand's children I since the childhood was orthodox), that favourably distinguished it from predecessors. With it the best experts of Bulgaria attended, the truth, it could not receive higher education — wars 1912-1918 in which he participated have prevented, being the commander roty. All marked in him talent of the statesman and the intelligence combined, however, with some indecision. The tsar took a great interest in foreign languages and biology, was interested in cars and railway engineering, liked to drive a steam locomotive, with passion hunted, attended to mountaineering.
Boris III not without reason was called as the tsar of Bulgarians (pertinently to recollect, that Napoleon Pervyj named itself as the emperor of Frenchmen, instead of the emperor of France). Not having in veins drops of slavic blood, Boris became the first Bulgarian tsar after Clearing as which the people considered really as the governor, and the crowning which was passing without scale celebrations, was accompanied by spontaneous festivals. The new monarch has met the big difficulties. Six-summer wars have led to complete disorder of an economy of Bulgaria, and defeat in them — to nationalism splash, especially in the officer environment.
Boris III in difficult conditions of revelry of political radicalism of different sense needed to save bases of the Bulgarian statehood.
Bulgaria, having lost in the First World War, quite could appear after the Versailles agreement in the same position, as Germany: the demilitarised, broken, humiliated country... New, young and not skilled, to the monarch, it was necessary to solve an enormous problem on complexity — to rescue Bulgaria. Boris III, pamjatuja about destiny of the father, has refused «a personal mode» and has expanded authorities of the government, having passed a part of the power to professionals. It supplied stability and efficiency of a management system.
In 1919 by the prime minister has been nominated Stambolijsky. The government orange has appeared without delay texnocratic, rather than political. On November, 27th, 1919 in suburb of Paris neji of premieres has signed the peace treaty with powers-winners. From Bulgaria the area Strumitsy and the earths supplying an exit to Aegean sea were torn away. Number of army was limited to twenty thousand persons (not including frontier guards); it was forbidden to have navy fleet (except patrol ships.) on the country huge reparations have been imposed.
Now the government Stambolijsky needed to restore a national economy and to leave the international isolation.
To return itself the items in foreign policy, Bulgaria has begun negotiations with neighbouring states, first of all with Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1920 the government Stambolijsky has achieved the object: Bulgaria has restored diplomatic relations with all neighbours and with great powers.
In 1923 Stambolijsky various means possible to achieve payment delay bolshej a part of reparations. Not to spoil the relation with Belgrad, the prime minister has begun struggle with VMRO, continuing thus secretly to support business contacts with this organisation.
Stambolijsky negatively concerned the predecessors. He has insisted on returning Sacred Alexander Nevskogo's to temple-monument of a historical name. Subsequently all ministers who were at the power after 1912 have been seized
For economic revival the youth labour duty has been entered, the welfare services is improved, economy state regulation is partially cancelled. Investments were actively involved foreign, mainly American. In agriculture mineral fertilizers and the new engineering were introduced. The government tried to reduce minor expenditures on public account: for example, has refused stamping of the expensive coined golds, and production of the silver has postponed till the best times. Thanks to all to it in 1922 industrial production level in Bulgaria was made even to the pre-war. However, population incomes grew much more slowly.
The policy of the government called fears many Bulgarian politicians. On October, 14th, 1921 the visible diplomat and public figure Alexander Grekov has declared the National consent a party creation. The establishment of one-party political system, resolute struggle against communism and strengthening of state regulation of economy were its requests discharge of an office orange from the power. Ideas of the National consent were close to the program of the Italian fascism.
The consignment has appeared not numerous, but among its members there were many scientists and managers. Supported the National consent and the Military union consisting of officers.
For legitimate authority protection Stambolijsky has created Orange guards — the voluntary armed formations attending to struggle against opposition. On May, 21st, 1922 they had been killed Alexander Grekov. Then the National consent was headed by professor Alexander Tsankov.
At this time Stambolijsky did everything to strengthen the power. On April, 23rd, 1923 there have passed elections in National meeting on which BZNS has received 52,7 %. But shortly before it the selective legislation has been changed: the proportional system has been replaced by the majority. As BZNS enjoyed approximately equal support in all regions, it managed to receive 85 % of places in parliament (212 of 249). However, in Bulgaria all was already decided for a long time not by voting in National meeting, and a brute force... At night with 8 for June, 9th, 1923 of the cadet of the Sofia military school and an army of metropolitan garrison without a uniform shot have taken under the control all city. Fighters of Orange guards have simply run up, understanding, that it not to stand against regular parts.
Members of the government and parliament have been seized, and in a private residence of general Ivan Ruseva leaders of the National consent and the Military union already worked over structure of the new Cabinet. Next day Boris III, understanding, that resistance is senseless, has confirmed the list of members of the government of the National consent put on its table. Alexander Tsankov became the prime minister and the minister of education, the head of the Military union colonel Vylkov — the military minister. So there was an establishment in Bulgaria an authoritative mode.
On August, 10th under the pressure of new governors of the country many consignments have united in the Democratic agreement completely under control to the power. Association has taken place easily as those questions on which leaders of democrats once argued, became already irrelevant.
In November, 1923 have passed — under the control of the authorities — elections in which result "democrats" have received in National meeting 171 place from 246, and 29 more have got to the same pocket Social-democratic party.
In February, 1924 oppositional members of the government have been sent in resignation: Minister of Justice Bojan Smilov and Minister of Railways Dimo Kazasov. From the Democratic agreement of the majority of national liberals and radical democrats a little that has changed an exit. Obstacles for fulfilment of requests of the National consent any more was not.
Overthrow of the popular government Stambolijsky has called reaction in the people. The first country revolts against the authoritarianism, lifted at all communists, and active workers BZNS, have begun in June, 1923 in Plovdivsky, Plevensky, Shumensky and great-Tyrnovsky districts. In the answer arrests of members BZNS, employees of mission of the Soviet red cross and even embassy of the USSR have begun. In custody in Sofia Stambolijsky has been removed for a city and it is shot. In July Soviet Union has broken off diplomatic relations with Bulgaria.
At this time the Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) saved a neutrality, considering, that should not interfere with struggle of bourgeois politicians. However in Komintern thought differently, and «the Bulgarian companions» have been compelled to be subject.
Revolt has begun in August, 1923, mainly in Northwest Bulgaria where communists used the greatest popularity (probably, because of special poverty of those places). The staff of operations has placed in the small city of Montana (at socialism was called Mihajlovgrad). In January, 1924 the National Meeting has approved the law «About state protection», declaring BKP the illegal organisation. Soon revolt, despite the help from the Soviet Russia, has been suppressed. Struggle with VMRO, also taken up with Komintern has simultaneously been strengthened.
The new coil of the reprisals which have not spared even the leader of national liberals Gennadieva, attempt at Boris III 16 — explosion in church of Sacred Revival in Sofia has called of April, 1925. The tsar then has not suffered, but has received a strong psychological trauma began to take a great interest in occult sciences. In second half 1920th somebody Ljubomir Lulchev, the head of Christian sect «White brotherhood» became the frequent visitor in its palace. Soon this person became «Bulgarian Rasputinym»; the monarch trusted it the major state secrets, consulted on it.
By the end of 1920th the majority of enemies of a mode was or is destroyed, or planted in prisons, and terror has begun to decline. In 1927 even many have been amnestied condemned under the law «About state protection». In economic policy and in relations with foreign states government Tsankova and its successors have been compelled to do almost the same, as their predecessors. Were, however, and attempts to recede from this line, for example, to approach with VMRO, but all of them led to pitiable results. State monopoly introduction on trade in currency in May, 1924 the Program orange became unique large independent step putchistov has been privately recognised the best in the conditions of post-war Bulgaria, and the leader of the National consent has publicly declared a labour duty, that it «our, original and original». Moreover, «the law has been passed About vocational training» on which workers and employees at the age from 14 years to 21 years which have not received secondary education, should be trained free of charge at special schools and during working hours, and the employer has been obliged to pay in it the salary.
Strong blow on the Bulgarian economy was put by Great depression. Many capital investment projects have been curtailed. The authoritative mode began to lose prestige.
In 1931 the Democratic agreement has broken up, and on its place the National block was formed. On June, 28th, 1931 the tsar has nominated as the prime minister of one of its co-chairmen, democrat Alexander Malinova. But also it has not given special results.
On May, 19th, 1934 Boris III has sent the government in resignation, has forbidden activity of political parties and has nominated as the prime minister of independent politician Kimona Georgieva. In a political life of the country the army began to play the Leading role.
Absence bright or at least the authoritative leader who could push aside the monarch on the second plan as it was made in Italy by prime minister Benito Mussolini, and in Romania the general Ion Antonesku was main distinctive feature of the Bulgarian fascism. Therefore after revolution of 1934 Boris III saved all power which was presumed by the head of the state, allied nazi Germany.
At first the most favoured nation treatment has been entered into Bulgaria for German businessmen that has made Bulgaria dependent on Germany economically. However was abundantly clear, that Berlin will require and bolshego.
Then Boris III has decided to find peace methods of breach of the contract in neji. Furthermore the Great Britain and France had nothing against auditing of the Versalsko-Washington system on the Balkans as was considered, what is it will help to stop the germano-Italian expansion on peninsula.
The old idea of the Balkan union has been extracted from archive. On January, 24th, 1937 Bulgaria and Yugoslavia have signed the agreement for «eternal friendship», and on July, 31st, 1939 the Bulgarian both Greek prime ministers G.Koseivanov and J.Metaksas in Saloniki have agreed about cancellation bolshej parts of the restrictions imposed on armed forces of Bulgaria. All illusoriness of idea of the new Balkan union (the analogy to Munich agreement 1938 here is pertinent) has been realised by diplomats only when the Hitlerite army already stood on the Romanian coast of Danube.
Boris III understood, that is not capable to resist to Hitler even in the union with Greece and Yugoslavia, let alone that could dethrone the tsar and its own fascists. Therefore he tried to avoid war, having entered the union with Germany and having allowed to enter into Bulgaria German armies. After that in the country strong Resistance movement was developed. BKP and BZNS have formed the Prosoviet Domestic front, on all country guerrilla groups (couples) were formed. They delivered to Germans many troubles, on what those responded reprisals.
In 1940 Bulgaria at Hitler's tacit consent has returned itself Southern Dobrudja, which else on the Dignity-Stefansky to the agreement belonged to Romania. The considerable help in it to it was rendered by the Soviet government, expecting to make Bulgaria the ally (I will remind, that the USSR and Germany at that time tried to operate in coordination — at all distinction of interests).
Boris III never sympathising Hitlerite ideology, could not admit introduction in the country of nazi laws. In many respects thanking its personal efforts the law «About nation protection», accepted in January, 1941 and repeating German Antisemitic laws, really was not applied. Also thanks to efforts of the tsar the Bulgarian army did not participate in operations against Soviet Union. The Soviet embassy in Sofia all years of war adjoined to German. To the tsar, the truth, was necessary to throw in 1941 the armies on grab of Yugoslavia and Greece. Hitler has thanked Boris III, having presented it Macedonia (that, possibly, for Macedonians was better, than the power of the Belgrad puppet government.)
On August, 28th, 1943 Boris III, having returned from Hitler's rate, has died under mysterious circumstances. Heart attack became an official explanation of its death, but is not excluded, that the tsar has been killed as objectionable Germany the governor.
Its six-summer son Simeon (since 2001 — the head of the government of Bulgaria became the new monarch.) Regentsky advice as a part of professor Bogdana Filova, general Nikoly Mihova and the brother of the late monarch — prince Cyril has been generated.
The red army already approached to borders of Bulgaria, and regents have tried to declare a neutrality of Bulgaria. Antisemitic laws have been cancelled, it was ordered to German parts to leave Bulgaria. On all country German factories began to be closed. But TASS has declared, that «the Soviet supervising circles consider the announcement as the Bulgarian government of a neutrality of the country absolutely insufficient». On September, 9th, 1944 the Soviet armies have entered on territory already kept by Germans. Both countries declared one another war, but any shot and has not sounded: Red army met colours and red flags.
Having used a situation, members of Domestic front have lifted revolt and have resulted in the power new Regentsky advice, having shot former regents. The cabinet the party leader has headed Kimon George's Link though George Dimitrov was the real head of the state. Soon Bulgaria declared Germany war. Its armies have played a considerable role in clearing of Balkan peninsula.
On October, 27th, 1946 the Great national meeting has abolished a monarchy. Communist Vasil Kolarov, the prime minister — George Dimitrov became «the time governor». The constitution of National Republic of Bulgaria on September, 4th, 1947 has come into force. Soon Dimitrov has leaded the Bulgarian state. The new, socialist stage of its history has begun.
