Approximately in 1800 - 1700 B.C. in territory of present Korea went new kamemennyj a century (neolith). Archaeological researches grant to us is right to believe, that hunting and fishery were a population chief business at that time. About navigation development at that time says that fact, that ancient seafarers-fishermen reached the Japanese island Kyushu. (I ask to pay attention to this fact - Korea has made certain impact on neolith development in Japan, and later through Korea to Japan many phenomena of the Chinese culture) will come. Communications with the Ural and Enisejsko-Baikal tribes are traced. In due course from China perfect receptions of agriculture here have come. Thus, Korean neoliticheskaja the culture had diverse sources and communications with cultures of the next areas and even the remote earths of Siberia and Transbaikalia.
Social system of that time - matrilokalnyj a sort or family-tribal community with the general economy. Accordingly imperious relations were under construction on family principles. Only with agriculture arrival larger communities began to arise.
The first documents, allowing to judge the sociopolitical system of Ancient Korea there were Chinese historical chronicles. For example, "the Description of east barbarians" (Donne chzhuan) in dinastijnoj histories "the Description of three states" (San Th chzhi), made in second half III century, on the materials collected by armies of kingdom Vej which in 246 have seized the main city of Koguryo, and then through the earths of the Korean tribes have passed to coast of sea of Japan.
The Korean tribes in the first centuries of a new era.
There where now there are Chinese cities of Nunan and Changchun lived people Puyo (Fujuj) number approximately in 80 000 persons. They attended to agriculture and cattle breeding, traded with China, their cities have been strengthened and had "palaces, warehouses and prisons". Social distinctions were visible already on appearance of the population. White clothes prevailed, but the nobility lined the dressing gowns with furs, and caps decorated gold and silver. The country corrected kunvan (sovereign) and the hectares (aristocrats) carrying titles with the name of pets of the Magician (horse), Uga (large horned livestock), CHega (pigs), Kuga (dogs) etc. Periphery operated Hectares under which power was from several honeycombs, to several thousand court yard. The died governor buried in Chinese jasper to a coffin and did human sacrifices to 100 people the Simple people was called Haho, and was on position of slaves (nobok). In case of war Hectares were at war, and Haho delivered them the foodstuffs. Despite intensive development of class company, separate institutes of patrimonial company were saved also. The governor - was the leader combining and functions of the sorcerer. In case of disasters or misfortunes it was offered or to commit suicide or renounce to the governor, there was also such attribute of military democracy as national meeting Yongo which during the periods of a religious holiday considered judicial lawsuits and released prisoners.
To the south from Puyo tribe Koguryo with the population in 30 000 court yard placed. They had much the general in language and customs. This tribe constantly attacked northeast districts of the Chinese state that compelled Chineses to pacify any ways aggressive Koguryo. To their leaders titles Vanov and Hu were pirated, the corresponding press and smart attires since I century B.C. Title Vana were sent was pirated to the leader of the union of related tribes who was selected their elders or aristocracy (Hectares). Representatives of the Vansky sort and the aristocracy of leading tribes has turned to the exploiter ruling class which not so was not attending to a productive labour, and knowing political, military, religious affairs. Despite far come process of class stratification in Koguryo, lines of a patrimonial system were saved also. So, for example, annually the people were going to for a holiday of sacrifices to the sky where questions of war and peace were solved, amnesties and crimes. Aggressive Koguryo have subordinated to the influence the next tribes Okcho and E. In 5000 and 20 000 court yard accordingly. The organisation of these tribes was closer to patrimonial, they lived the separate settlements coping elders (samno, ypkun). Worshipped to spirit of a tiger, as totemu. Chineses noticed, that on character they "were good-natured, are not greedy and very conscientious, than are not similar to people Koguryo".
In total southern part of the Korean peninsula occupied nearby 78 rodoplemennyh groups and the unions united in three associations Mahan, CHinhan and Pyonchin (Pyonhan) which had repercussions China. Local rodoplemennaja the nobility already knew rules of the Chinese etiquette, many received titles from the Chinese governors. The Chinese clothes and many subjects of a life were used. Many local leaders passed to services to Chineses. But in the remote places and in the environment of the simple people of the Chinese influence it was not observed. Meanwhile already in I centuries some Korean communities acted as intermediaries in trading both a cultural contact between Chineses and the population of the Japanese islands, lodged in territory of present Japan. Thus, we see, that the Korean tribes to III century have approached already as class company with existing institutes of a patrimonial system which more and more regenerated in the contrast, serving as the instrument of oppression "Managing directors" not only the next tribes, but also the relatives. If the aristocracy dependent from Koguryo tribes turned to a ruling class the great bulk obshchinnikov, got to the conditions approaching it to position of slaves more and more. This general trend was characteristic for all tribes and communities occupying all southern extremity of the Korean peninsula. Process of political consolidation of tribes and the further disintegration of patrimonial relations have rendered influences the Chinese gains. Occurrence and the assertion of three states is connected with complete decomposition of a primitive-communal system in territory of Korea - Koguryo, Pekche and Silla.
Koguryo, Pekche, Silla - the first Korean states.
Time of education of the state Koguryo precisely is not defined, presumably 1 centuries B.C. - IV centuries There was it as a result of evolution of a primitive-communal system at koguryosskih and adjacent tribes when the old patrimonial organisation radical koguryosskih communities has turned to territorial power. " Managing directors ", mainly rodoplemennaja nobility Koguryo and as the admitted aristocracy of the subdued and allied tribes, during a pursuit of preservation of the domination over relatives and the subdued communities, have made qualitative transition from rodoplemennoj to the state organisation. Legends attribute the basis of the state to the newcomer from Northern Puyo CHumonu (CHhumo), a name it most likely not the personal. And nominal which designated in an antiquity of the leader or any official. This event is dated 37 B.C. Systematizing national legends and possessing them in chronological sequence, authors of the first Korean chronicles in the spirit of Chinese istoriografov aspired to show a continuity of a line of board of tsars, whose acts were described from items konfutsianskih canons about virtuous board. Anyway Koguryo, according to the Korean annals in I centuries has subordinated to itself surrounding communities. Whether South Korean researcher Byondo as a statehood sign names strengthening of "spirit of independence Koguryo" - governors of the country have ceased to come to China behind smart clothes and caps, and suggested Chineses to put them in special boundary small town Chhekkuru. However the state in strict sense of this word has developed only in days of board of 6th tsar Thechzho Tevan (the Great Vana-founder), occurrence of this title and as occurrence official titles phechzha, uthe etc. speaks about occurrence of the bureaucratic organisation. At the same time not the company continued to save krovnorodstvennuju the organisation to it possibly promoted at that, that class differentiation process was braked by wars which Koguryo actively conducted with the next China. Wars, on the one hand, had the consequence of disaster and the hunger reaching sometimes to a cannibalism, with other promoted accumulation by the riches nobility, building of fortresses and palaces. The application vana ponsana (300), resulted in the Korean chronicle "Samguk Sagas" is remarkable: "the Sovereign is delivered highly that the people looked at it from below and if not will be a majestic and magnificent palace, it will have nothing to show the greatness". In the Chinese chronicle of 5 centuries "History of a late Hansky dynasty" (Houhan shu) to contain data on division Koguryo on 5 districts which had in the sources of border of residing of 5 sorts.
In IV centuries there are institutes of political culture and ideology, the beginning to this process it was necessary in 248 when after death vana Tonchhona, new Van - CHunchhon has forbidden human sacrifices on died vanu. Konfutsiansky ideas which have started to get into Korea already in the beginning of decomposition of a primitive-communal system by this time became the state ideology Koguryo defining principles of the organisation of ruling class in official-bureaucratic hierarchy. In 372 the Higher school - Thehak - preparing officers has been created. In 373 "Legal establishments" (JUllyon) - the arch of the state laws are promulgated. As nation-wide religion the Buddhism which has laid down on patrimonial gods and local beliefs has been proclaimed.
In V centuries the power structure was the following: Van to 3 years nominated Tedero - the Main minister who frequently seized power for longer term and it was superseded by stronger contender. Provincial districts headed YOksal, chiefs of fortresses were subject to them. The rural commune was the lowest administrative organisation. The state was the proprietor of the earth. Large officers received from the state "fodder districts" - (Sikyp). From prisoners of war, debtors, criminals and their families the class of slaves - Nobi, the owners who were the property consisted. In the course of expansion Koguryo in struggle for hegemony on the Korean peninsula has faced the same neighbouring states.
The state Pekche originally represented one of communities which having advanced in development of others, has turned to strong territorial power. The myth says about the state basis that in 18 B.C. sons CHunmona - founder Koguryo - have based the cities of Vire and Michhuhole so beginning Pekche was necessary.
In second half III centuries in days of board vana Which, according to the Korean chronicles, in Pekche there were state institutes, posts "Nesin chvaphyon to which were entrusted with the affairs concerning commands vana, nedu chvaphyon - pantries and treasures, nebop chvphyon - ceremonies and ceremonies have been confirmed, visa chvaphyon - knew the armies protecting vana, chodzhon chvphyop - courts and punishments, pyongvan chvaphyon - external armies". These ranks have been in turn broken into 16 ranks, to each of which corresponded the uniform and caps decorated with a silver flower. A hereditary monarch (van) headed all hierarchy of ruling class. By an example of the system of the Chinese state of 22 governments were subdivided on palace (nebu) and governmental (vebu), consisting of departments. In the administrative relation the state was divided into 5 parties, and capital on 5 districts. Those were in turn divided into 10 districts and on 5 streets accordingly. Large cities sons vana or other representatives of an imperial sort operated. The rural commune was most lowest unit. The company political organisation was supported konfutsianskoj with ideology which in IV centuries has received already a wide circulation in sights of local aristocracy. In 374 year paksa (doctor) Kohyn has made "Sogi" - the history of the country sustained in konfutsianskom spirit and called to serve to the purposes of strengthening of the state, and certain Vanin with books "One thousand words" and "Lun-juj" was directed to Japan to teach the Chinese language and konfutsianskoe the doctrine. In 384 from China monk Marananda for the doctrine sermon has been invited buddistsky. There are data on distribution in Pekche daosizma. Pekche showed the big activity in an establishment trading and diplomatic relations with the states of China and Japan. Scientists, artists and handicraftsmen of the country influenced development of the Japanese culture. Pekche in the expansion on the North has faced the state Koguryo extending on the South.
The state Silla was formed a little later Koguryo and Pekche, probably the reasons of it, more southern arrangement and more later the introduction into contact to neighbouring states. On traditional Korean chronology the state Silla has arisen in 57 year B.C. At the head there was a hereditary monarch - Van, it was above public structure which skeleton consisted of aristocracy of 6 basic communities (then districts) which were divided on 5 categories and estates. The first maximum category - representatives of an imperial sort where lineal descendants of chapters of 3 sorts - Pak entered, Juice, Kim. The second category descendants on a lateral line and elders other 3 communities. Leaders of the won communities were equated to 4 and 5 category. Eminence categories were strictly observed at a marriage, assignment of ranks etc. They regulated a choice of housing accommodation, clothes, food etc. Peasants there were out of categories they bore on itself weight of taxes (products land and household) and duties. So in 504 Peasants for construction of 12 fortified cities have simultaneously been mobilised. There are data on private operation of peasants and about ground pozhalovanijah fodder districts. State religion - the Buddhism. The state in complete sense of this word has developed in Silla only IV - V century
To the middle of VII century on the Korean peninsula there were 3 Korean states which development occurred in fierce struggle between them for hegemony:
2nd half IV centuries Koguryo having won neighbours-sjanbijtsami has passed to expansion to the South where has faced with Pekche and Silloj which combated some centuries Japanese. All V century has passed at prevalence Koguryo, but in VI centuries Silla concludes the union with the Chinese dynasty Put, Pekche with Japan and Koguryo it is compelled to remain in isolation. Under joint blows Silla and China has fallen Pekche. Its territory has passed under the power of Chinese protege Puyo Is young (sin were pekchesskogo vana). On the earths won at Koguryo the Chinese deputies operated. Silla has begun war with the former allies, having attacked on Pekche and Koguryo which after 7 years of war has ended with victory Silla.
So the uniform centralised state on all Korean peninsula for the first time has been created. After tansky China at first De facto, and then De jure recognised silaskoe the state in its real borders, between them peace relations on the basis of formal recognition Silla of the vassaliteta in relation to China were established.
Economic basis of the state was the state ownership on the earth, the system was the form of its realisation nadelnaja. For its existence fulfilment of 2 conditions is necessary - the earth should be in a state ownership; availability of fund of the free earths. The practical situation in Silla supplied fulfilment of two these conditions.
Peasants maintained on behalf of the state were a great bulk "operated" in Silla personally-free, but. The rural territorial community was body of the control and operation of peasants. The peasant was attached to a plot (entered into 722), for use which it should bear duties, both land, and household (natural product). The peasant received a plot from the state and could use it, paying in the rent from majority till 60 years, then its plot came back in treasury. From time to time the state required free hands for fulfilment of labour-consuming public jobs then peasants were mobilised for jobs. On plots of land owners slaves Nobi worked. In the end of VIII century the population of the Korean peninsula made 5 million persons of 400 thousand from which was Nobi which were divided on state and private (planted on the earth or domestic).
Undoubtedly, that the state ownership though along with it there were also some forms of a private landholding was the basic tendency of landholding in Sillasky Korea: from the right of the time tax of the land tax, to the right of fastening of the earths for successors, however have the private earths rather narrow circle of persons could: relatives vana and the largest feudal nobility. The state issued to officers of the earth being on service in feeding, the income from these earths acted in the order sluzhilogo and could be taken away at any moment.
The Korean company of this period as well as Chinese traditional company earlier considered by us can be divided into a class of "managing directors" on behalf of the state-exploiter, and "operated", mainly on behalf of peasants-obshchinnikov. From among peasants-obshchinnikov ranks of the lowest officers were recruited, the army was formed of them, they executed labour responsibilities. Other part "operated" - nepolnopravnye companies: nobi, representatives of not full rural communities (pugok, hjan), attending to agriculture or craft, actors and prostitutes. Distinctive line sillaskoj the state organisation was division of a class of "managing directors" into bureaucracy (civil officers) and aristocracy (the patrimonial nobility and military leaders) which, however, differed by sign "the centre - periphery" (typically imperial division speaking about strict centralism of the power).
From the end of VII century Silla has entered a strip of sociopolitical shocks: the private landholding share, an aristocracy role, including military men Grows, independence of provincial officers which by degrees pass to actual grab of crown lands grows. Separatism as consequence grows and contradictions divide ruling class.
To X century the quantity of the private earths is actually compared to quantity state, that threatens the principle of a mechanism of the government.
In 809 there is a first violent overthrow vana Edzhana. Silla enters a strip of internal wars. The state began to break up to separate possession actually.
The native of peasants Rank Hvon in 892 year creates the state Hubekche (Later Pekche). In 901 the descendant of imperial sort Kune declares the governor, he creates the state Later to the Bark, then Madzhin, then Thebon.
This period name time Late Troetsarstvija. We see the embodiment of a principle of existence of Empire is available - centralisation is replaced by disintegration, then the unification again follows.
Kingdom to the Bark
In 935 on the foreground there is a kingdom to the Bark (918 - 1392 gg). The former general of kingdom Silla became its monarch. It has made capital of the new state the native city of Songdo (nowadays Kesong) and has proclaimed a policy of returning of all lost territories, and first of all Koguryo in Manchuria. For five years of the existence the kingdom did not manage to realise an ambition of the governor, nevertheless the master in the field of various crafts that is indicative, have demonstrated significant successes in production of fancies: it is bluish green enamels, incrustations from Korea were appreciated in the markets of East Asia. The Buddhism was the state religion. This period has been immortalised by spiritual symbols in the form of temples, images of a face of the Buddha, ikonopisi. Force of belief was so strong, that moving of the centre of the power to management clerics that gave rise to numerous conflicts between scientists, the nobility and military men, between supporters konfutsianstva and the Buddhism has begun. At the same time in 10 century at a court yard to the Bark the Chinese system of selection of the governmental employees by realisation of examinations on the academic maturity has been accepted. But if in China such system basically was applied in relation to citizens of any social standing, in Korea it remained actual monopoly of aristocracy. 100-year-old occupation, Korea Mongols has definitively loosened and without that the weak power in a kingdom to the Bark. Kingdom CHoson
nesmotrja, that konfutsianstvo has appeared in Korea in the beginning of our era together with arrival of early materials of the Chinese writing, but Silla, the Bark have not evaluated really its moral and intellectual force (influence of the Buddhism and local beliefs was high). At the same time, konfutsianstvo became the powerful instrument for company and state reorganisation, and as for the assertion of a new mentality in an intellectual life of company of 14 centuries - the beginnings of existence of kingdom Choson (1392 - 1910), known still as dynasty Ji.
The early governors CHoson movable by practical desire to take possession by treasures buddistskih of monasteries, have replaced buddistskuju the system of beliefs underlying the power, on konfutsianskie principles. The Neokonfutsiansky theory of a structure of the state and company became an ideological basis for the large-scale reforms spent by elite of new kingdom. For some next centuries ethics of behaviour and other values konfutsianstva have taken a dominating role in social structure and behaviour of members of a society. Governors of dynasty Ji managed to create the perfect, well balanced control system. The examination system has for a full due affirmed as quality of a basis at selection of employees for civil service. It became than that like stanovogo a ridge for intellectual activity and social mobility of company. In honour there was academic knowledge, smaller respect and popularity trade and production began to use.
The result of transformations has not kept itself waiting. In board of tsar Sejdzhonga (1418-50 gg), fourth monarch Choson, in Korea has occurred unprecedented blossoming of culture and art, it has been made many inventions, are introduced progressive ideas into spheres of the governmental management, the economy, natural sciences, music, medicine. Under its protection the Korean alphabet has been created. In the end of 16 centuries summer war against Japan has begun 7ми. Governors CHosona have refused to grant armies Tojotomi Hideoshi a corridor to China and Japan has begun war with Korea. Almost all territory of peninsula has undergone to a devastation, to Japan the set of handicraftsmen and experts has been stolen. Groups of peasants participated in fights and buddistskih monks. Admiral Ji Sun-sin has spent a series of brilliant military operations on the sea. The conclusion of the Japanese armies has begun after death Hideoshi. War has ended in 1598.
In the beginning of 17 centuries by estimations of modern Korean historians "the increasing popularity among liberally adjusted circles the applied science began to use. On this way the further development of a modern nation state saw. Progressively conceiving aristocracy insisted on realisation of deep land reforms, on improvement of conditions for agriculture and industry development. However during that time the conservative government was not still ready to start such transformations". The explanation of events of the past, speaking without delay about today's values Is available ideologizirovannoe from items of today. We see only strengthening of aristocracy and availability at it claims to the central power.
Lines of traditional system of the power.
Specificity of traditional ideology of the power consists in Korea that along with Konfutsianstvom, structuring under needs of performance of imperious functions by elite consisting of officers-scientists, the big influence the Buddhism philosophy had company, besides, under the influence 2 world religions have not ceased to exist and ancient Korean religion Tonghak (shamanism) and daosizm. According to submissions Tonghak the world is occupied kind and evil ghosts, the person - a part of this world and a part of the continuity which are switching on last, present and future generations. Daosizm - has come to Korea from China for a long time and though its influence in the politician was never felt obviously, nevertheless till now systems of preservation of health and a guessing practise the people, and trigrammy "Ba-gua" flaunt on flag RK.
Let's consider opinion on traditional ideology of the former President of Republic Korea Kim De TSzjuna - the person tempted in the politician:
According to konfutsianskim submission about the power: Van - the son of the sky and "sky" issues it "the mandate on board" that it supplied a good life to the country people. If the governor operates "incorrectly" at the country people there is a right to rise and dump this government on behalf of the maximum authority of "sky". The governor who has lost "the sky mandate", any more does not deserve people submission. The ancient Chinese philosopher spoke Maine-tszy: " At first the people, then the country, and then the emperor ". In the ancient Chinese philosophy containing in heads of people in the form of a texture konfutsianstva, the Buddhism and daosizma, there is such principle: Ming ben zheng zhi (the People - a root, a policy - branches), it learns" the will of the people is a will of the sky "so also the governor should" respect the people the same as he respects the sky ". The national religion of Korea Tonghak, some submissions makes political thought to protection national focused further away, primitively democratic principle" the person - a sky embodiment "and everyone should serve the person as it serves the sky. These ideas later began to inspire and motivate behaviour almost 500 000 peasants who have lifted in 1894 on revolt against the government and foreigners. Kim De TSzjun in the American journal" Foreign Affairs "has expressed opinion that there are no ideas more fundamental to democracy, than doctrine Konfutsija, the Buddhism and Tonghak. As proof it gives an example diligent copying Korean Vanami the Chinese system of the organisation of the state when the country had the developed system of division into districts; already 1000 years ago in Korea it was necessary to become the officer to pass examinations (though it is final they without delay guaranteed the rights and supplied social mobility for aristocrats); there was a system of the censors supervising legitimacy and behaviour of officers; for konfutsianskogo the scientist was considered as boldness and performance against errors of a court yard and officers (but the power is the power - many perished) was appreciated as a sign of fidelity to a debt. Konfutsiansky maksima Xiushen qijia zhiguo ping tianxia (to improve itself to put things in order in the family to pacify celestial), focuses on achievement "great calmness in celestial", expresses encouragement to the board based on the law. The main purpose konfutsianskoj political philosophy - to establish "the world in celestial" to make it the governor "should put in order at first the housekeeping", that is impossible without perfection itself. This doctrine does an emphasis for a role of management and moral obligations of ruling elite in country "pacification". The "pacification" concept, can be interpreted as desire to supply a peace life to all living things. Such understanding has something in common with doctrine Gautamy of the Buddha that all creations are allocated by the nature of the Buddha.
At sight Kim De TSzjuna in traditional political philosophy of Korea and all konfutsianskoj Asia, are base for democracy development on a traditional basis, moreover he considers, that it is possible to enrich the western democratic thought with democratic ideas of the East.
In traditional Korean company performance of the resulted jewelry of thought could not be controllable the law. The natural roughness of customs resulting from roughness of a life, conducted to that among accurately developed norms of behaviour and ceremonialism much depended on the person of "managing director" which accessible means and instruments required humility and humility. Force konfutsianskoj ideologies consisted that it did not deny other sights, did not struggle with national traditions, customs and beliefs, but gave them konfutsianskuju colouring.
Basis of education of the people so also political culture, there was a doctrine about strict observance of basic ethical standards and rules of mutual relations: between a sovereign and submitted, parents and children, the husband and the wife, brothers and sisters, and between friends. Ideal regulation of these mutual relations was defined by 5 main virtues - humanity, justice, hardness of performance of rituals, frankness of heart (reached by mastering by knowledge) and fidelity. In a family and the state filial respect and respect for seniors was considered as an order and world basis. The individual was put in close dependence on interests of the state, company and a family. Basic social unit in the Korean feudal company the big patriarchal families, or patronimicheskie made groups, - Ilchchok. Ceremonies, submissions, a way of life, which infringement it was strictly stopped, in such group have been directed on protection of unity of a family, departure of a cult of ancestors. The ancient cult of ancestors has been adapted konfutsianstvom and transformed into the main responsibility of the person. "Whether-tszi" in гл.24 it was spoken: "the Wise person never forgets, from whom it occurs; pamjatuja about it, it improves the respect and love, and uses reasonable efforts to do justice to the parents". Such organisation formed the person active in interests of all family and its head, and that in interests of deceased ancestors and the states. The family system repeated a mechanism of the government which laws co-ordinated with customs reigning in a family, for example, in case of disobedience, the father could even sell the son in slavery, the son informed on the father or mother - was condemned on udavlenie.
The basic pillars of ethics of dialogue - relations in a link the chief-subordinate, patriotism, the superiority of the man over the woman.
Numerous aggressions of the next powers, since intrusion of Mongols 1000 years ago and finishing concerning recent Japanese occupation, promoted strengthening of national consciousness, feeling of unity and a generality of the destiny. The history has made Koreans patient and disciplined, and thus proud and ambitious, having expressed bojtsovskimi qualities, that in a combination to practicalness of culture, not always is adequately perceived by other cultures.
Meeting with the West
In 18 century the Christianity has come to Korea, the first Catholic arrivals have opened, and after a century here there were Protestant churches. The Christianity became the powerful factor of development of the country. It has brought with itself the western trends, philosophical doctrines and medicine.
However up to the end of 19 centuries Korea remained the "closed" kingdom for the western businessmen and diplomats. In the foreign policy Korea as well as China adhered to a principle of preservation of the sovereignty from encroachments of the western states. China has been absorbed by the problems and could not render former influence on Korea. Japan which was gaining in strength as new industrial state, has fast filled in this vacuum and annexed Korea. The kingdom Choson has terminated the existence in 1910 In days of the Japanese sovereignty Christian missionaries supported struggle of Koreans against Japan.
The Japanese occupation and struggle of Korea for independence.
The Japanese governor-general in Seoul was mainly interested in creation of rigid system of operation natural and manpower resources of Korea. The Japanese government in every possible way encouraged emigration of the peasants and fishermen to Korea, granting them the earth on beneficial terms. The large part of the grown up rice was removed to Japan while Korea suffered from shortage of a foodstuff. Using the Korean resources Japan strengthened the power. The standard of living of the Korean population steadily fell. As a result of such Japanese policy of thousand Koreans have left the earths and have directed in Manchzhuriju and Japan in search of subsistences.
At the same time the colonial policy of Japan promoted growth of national feelings among Koreans. The special protest was called by officially proclaimed policy of assimilation. The Korean intelligency tried to save national culture and to protect it from encroachments of the Japanese ideologists. In 1919 Korea has gone through a wave of national strikes and excitements which thousand human lives cost. Though this movement also has not led to disposal of the Japanese colonialism, it has strengthened feeling of national consciousness and patriotism among Koreans. As practical result of this period of struggle for independence, the provisional government in Shanghai which has soon incurred functions of the organizer of struggle against the Japanese colonizers in Manchzhurii has been created.
Japan tried to destroy originality of the Korean culture. At the Korean schools the Japanese language was used, the edition of newspapers in the Korean language was forbidden. Historical and archaeological researches were forged to inspire to Koreans feeling of inferiority in relation to Japanese.
Education of two Korean republics
In Korea defeat of Japan in the Second World War was welcomed. But this pleasure was not long. Clearing has not brought unity and independence, but has led to ideological confrontation and country division.
Military presence of the USA in the south and the USSR in the north has led to a failure of efforts for choice the independent Korean government.
The general Assembly of the United Nations in November, 1947 has accepted the resolution on realisation of general election under supervision of representatives of the United Nations. However because the United Nations commission has not been admitted on northern part of peninsula, the General Assembly has accepted the new resolution on elections only in territory where presence of its observers is possible.
The first elections in Korea have been spent on May, 10th 1948 g in territory to the south of 38 parallels, and the Republic Korea government on August, 15th has been sworn in. In the north of peninsula government Kim of Ir-hay, the supporter of Stalin management methods has come to Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the power.
On June, 25th 1950 g war for the country association which beginning RK and Democratic People's Republic of Korea attribute one another has begun. In July, 1953 the agreement on an armistice has been signed. Reunion from both parties is proclaimed by "the sacred purpose", however ideological distinctions among the Korean people and interests of "superstates" strengthened a wall between two parts of the country.
