In 332 B.C., having gained a number of victories in Forward Asia, Alexander the Great has started a gain of Egypt. According to taken roots among Egyptians of that time to traditional submissions about the sacred state, its tsar had no right to operate the country from abroad and to adhere to alien religion. Politician Alexander in relation to the population of the won Egypt can be defined as reconciliatory. First of all it was directed to memphis on worship the Egyptian gods. Having mortgaged in the western part of delta of Nile the new city of Alexandria, the commander has undertaken expedition to oasis Siva to meet the Egyptian oracle of god Amona whom Greeks identified with Zevsom. Alexander's declaration as the son of god Amona became result of this visit. After that it has continued the gains in other countries and never came back to Egypt. For lack of Alexander the country the Greek governors operated mainly, but many important state posts were taken also by Egyptians.
Dynasty Ptolemeev (Lagidov). Ellinizatsija Egypt. After Alexander the Great death in 323 B.C. its empire has been divided between its commanders. Egypt has departed to one of them, Ptolemeju to the Log. Based Ptolemeem the imperial dynasty operated Egypt throughout three centuries. Having created system of privileges for Macedonian and Greek soldiers and the officers who have made management personnel by the country, and also for immigrants from ellinizirovannogo the world, rushed to Egypt, Ptolemej I nevertheless has not refused a policy of friendship to the local population, mortgaged still Alexander the Great. From the saved Egyptian inscription follows, that Ptolemej has accepted one of the last tsars of Egypt annoying the Persian administration during the preceding period. The Greek papyruses, one of the basic information sources about Egypt, draw a life picture ellinisticheskogo the states in which on tradition of more ancient Egyptian culture many elements of the Greek civilisation were imposed. Ptolemej I has ordered to transfer capital from the ancient Egyptian city of memphis to Alexandria.
The new city has apprehended the Greek control system. Moreover, plans of transformation of Alexandria in the centre of all ellinisticheskogo the world were born. Alexandria had huge port, magnificent constructions. Many formed people and the scientists involved with a magnificent museum and library, have moved to Alexandria. Literary tastes and interests of intellectual elite of Alexandria corresponded to the Greek cultural traditions. At this time in Egypt of veins a known priest and scientist Manefon also created.
Having influence at imperial court yard Manefonu possible to convince Ptolemeja I to proclaim Egyptian god Serapisa the patron of Alexandria and to enter it into a pantheon of gods, the general for Greeks and Egyptians. As to Greeks they identified the Egyptian deities with ease with own.
Control system. At Ptolemejah, as well as in Ancient Egypt, the country territory has been divided into provinces (nomy). As a rule, each nom led by the nominated officer, the strategist, consisted of a city and territory adjoining it. There were various land tenures. All earths belonged to the tsar, it conceded their part to military men poselentsam, kleruham and to temples, but nevertheless saved over them the control. The Soldiers-kleruhi making a reserve of army, could expect only for lifelong possession of the lot though in practice the similar land tenure by degrees turned to the hereditary. Conditional possession extended and on the earths passed as donation. The system of the state control over ground grounds supposed their withdrawal for realisation of irrigational jobs. Regular collection of taxes was carried out as in money terms (at Ptolemejah stamping of the Egyptian coins has begun), and in the natural form. Besides, the state increased volume of receipts in treasury, having established monopoly for a number of the goods.
In the country two systems of legal proceedings – for Greek and local population operated. Originally all maximum civil and military posts were taken by Greeks, however after vacancy began to be filled in with representatives of local population; thus some Egyptians managed to make an outstanding career and to reach rather high posts.
Decline Ptolemeev. Originally tsars from dynasty Ptolemeev posessed significant territories outside of Egypt – Cyrenaica, Cyprus, a part of Syria, Palestin, a part of southern coast of Asia Minor, a part of Northern Nubia. But by degrees as a result of conflicts in the reigning house the power and dynasty influence began to weaken. The great winner in wars with Syria Ptolemeja III Evergeta (247–221 B.C.) was replaced by his son Ptolemej IV Filopator which though has won at the Raffia in 217 B.C., is described in the Egyptian chronicles as the weak governor. As a result of dynastic conflicts the state has even more lost the power in 2 centuries B.C. Since wife Ptolemeja of II tsarina Arsinoi of II woman of this dynasty differed love of power and cruelty. And, possibly, the greatest in their turn tsarina Cleopatra VII (apprx. 51–30 BC) was last Daughter Ptolemeja XII neosa Dionisa (Avleta) and mistress Julia Caesar, and then Mark Antonija. Its desperate attempt to save a kingdom for a long time remained in memory of descendants. Nevertheless in 31 B.C. Roman emperor Oktavian August has crushed armies of tsarina Cleopatra and Mark Antonija in fight at cape of Shares at the western coast of Greece. After Mark Antonija's destruction and Ptolemeja XVI (presumably son Cleopatra from Julia Caesar), and also suicide of the tsarina Egypt was a part of Roman empire as a province.
The period of the Roman board. Originally in territory of Egypt it has been placed not less than three Roman legions; all military and civil power has been concentrated in hands of the prefect which was nominated as the emperor of Rome and was subject personally to it. In submission of the prefect there were officers with special judicial and financial authorities and the Supreme priest of Alexandria and all Egypt (the Roman civil officer knowing affairs of temples and priests) who carried out strict supervision of traditional privileges of local clerics. Other posts of the Egyptian bureaucratic system have been borrowed from administrative mechanism of the government Ptolemeev.
By the moment of grab of Egypt the Roman armies the country population was ready to creation uniform in the ethnic and cultural relation of company. The Roman governors used the best efforts to stop this process. First, Rome suspiciously concerned east companies with culture inherent in them and religion, and secondly, experience of the Roman gains prompted what to operate the shattered country much easier. The historical documents concerning by the period of the Roman domination, testify that the rural population of Egypt has been divided by Romans into the social and ethnic categories which public status depended on the size and frequency of payments of the capitation tax established still at Ptolemejah and borrowed by new governors of Egypt. Citizens of Rome living in Egypt, citizens of Alexandria and other Greek cities, and also some Egyptian priests have been released of payment of this tax. Semigreeks (ellinizirovannoe the population of capitals nomov) had dividend credits, and the Egyptian peasants have been obliged to pay taxes in full.
It would seem, such policy meant a social eminence Greek and ellinizirovannogo the population of Egypt, but soon the "exclusive" part of inhabitants of the country has found out, that state and other honorary posts in a control system stand very expensively. Happened even, that the authorities force imposed these honorary posts to separate citizens. The tax press all became heavier; both peasants-individualists, and rural communes at times have been compelled to process the earth to themselves at a loss and could not count on an indulgence – the size of the tax was not reduced even in lean years. When, as quite often happened, the despaired peasants threw the plot, their debt was distributed between those who remained and continued to work. At times the population of the whole villages left the earths.
Excitements in Alexandria. Rome carried out the effective military control over Egypt, and till 172 our era in the country there were no serious revolts of local population, except individual revolts in Alexandria. Soon after arrival of Romans Greeks of Alexandria have addressed to the Roman emperor behind the permission to create in a city advice on self-management (bule). The discontent of the Alexandria Greeks with failure of Rome has become aggravated because of a number of the concessions granted by Romans to the Jewish community. Jews have appeared in ellinizirovannom Egypt at the first Ptolemejah which invited the Jewish military leaders to military service. The last years boards of a dynasty Jews quite often ordered the Egyptian armies. Number of the Jewish population in Egypt was significant, especially in Alexandria where at the moment of grab of the country by Romans two urban quarters from five have been populated with Jews. When Jews have applied about granting of the Alexandria citizenship by it (that was the precondition of reception of the Roman citizenship), local Greeks have indignantly apprehended this initiative. Besides, the Greek party was dissatisfied with influence which Jews used in the Roman imperial court. The antagonism between Greeks and Jews was splashed out in violent actions, and both parties have directed the deputations to Rome. The sight of Jews at this antagonism is reflected in jobs Filona, and the opinion of the Greek party – in lampoon Acta Alexandrinorum and in the letter of the Roman emperor Claudia dated of 41 our era In 115 discontent of Jews has poured out in the revolt which has captured Egypt and Cyrenaica. After two years when revolt has been suppressed, number of the Jewish population in Egypt was essentially reduced.
Christianity introduction. The information on an early stage of Christianity in Egypt practically is absent, as its supporters had to hide adherence of the religion denying obozhestvlenie the emperor and the states. Thus, data on distribution of Christianity to its definitive assertion in 4 centuries are extremely poor. However in written instruments about the pagan sacrifices concerning by time of board of emperor Detsija (249–251), the persons who have voluntary expressed the loyalty to the Roman emperor and its gods, and Christians who have convinced are mentioned to refuse the belief.
Apparently, process of distribution of Christianity in Egypt occurred fast, covering the population of different areas without dependence from their ethnic accessory or a social status. The church organisation which was reasonable in Alexandria, then has extended the influence and in the centres nomov. To 2 centuries the Egyptian Christians had scientists-seminary students. Most known of them – the founder of Alexandria school Kliment (apprx. 150–215) and Origen (apprx. 185–253 or 254).
The Roman reforms. When at emperor Septimii the North in 202 in capitals nomov the local senates have been created, the ostentatious system of self-management became additional burden for ellinizirovannoj country tops as management of Egypt now has been assigned to it. Any prosperous person, rejected the offer to take a place in the senate or other honorary state post, could be deprived property. pozhalovanie in 212 emperor Karakalloj of the rights of the Roman citizenship all citizen of empire meant, that now besides podushnogo it is necessary to pay to Egyptians and a number of other taxes. The Egyptian documents concerning to 3 century, testify to economic ruin reigning in the country.
The levy machinery basis has undergone change in 3 century when the capitation tax began to be replaced with the tax in kind by degrees. Tax in kind introduction has mortgaged a basis for radical reorganisation of fiscal system at emperor Diokletiane (284–305); now volumes of collection of taxes in kind in some provinces of Roman empire should be defined during the periodic account (qualification) of people taxed with taxes and the earths. According to administrative reforms Diokletiana the control system in the Roman provinces has been changed. So, Egypt has been divided on three administrative units, thus the military power was in hands of one officer. At successors Diokletiana a number of other reforms according to which nomy have been replaced by system of homing districts has been carried out.
Years of board of emperors Diokletiana and Galerija became an epoch of severe oppressions of Christians. Firm national character of Egyptians was showed upon termination of religious prosecutions in the organisation of the monastic movement which have become famous for the severe discipline. The monastic organisation created in Egypt by such hierarches of church as Antony and Pahomy throughout centuries was an example for the European monkhood.
Split in the Egyptian church. The Christianity in Egypt was formed in the conditions of pressure from saved ancient pagan culture, persecutions of Rome and occurrence of some new competing religious and philosophical currents which, on belief of Christians, represented heresies. One of them, gnosticism, has arisen simultaneously with Christianity. Gnostiki used Christian sacred manuscripts and created own works of the spiritual contents, many of which have been found out subsequently in Egypt. Throughout 3–4 centuries special popularity in Egypt used manihejstvo, dualisticheskoe the philosophical direction confirming division of the world on good and harm. It was saved a little manihejskih manuscripts on koptskom the language, written with use of the Greek alphabet with addition of some the letters borrowed from Egyptian demoticheskogo of the letter. With distribution koptskoj writings from the use practically left three drevneegipetskih a font: Hieroglyphic (on which from time immemorial kept inscriptions on temples and monuments), ieratichesky (on which during the Greek-Roman period there was a religious literature) and demotichesky (used in clerical work and the secular literature). These fonts have been betrayed to oblivion and have been deciphered only in the beginning of 19 centuries by the French Egyptologist Shampolonom.
Use koptskogo language is significant also from the point of view of occurrence of a local religious direction in the Egyptian Christian church. It was language of monks, large number and which religious eagerness transformed them into serious force during theological debates which excited church in 4–5 centuries However, most known of them – bishop Alexandria Athanasius (328–373), the opponent arianskoj heresies, and bishop Alexandria Cyril (412–444) promoting falling nestorianstva, – wrote the works in the Greek language. The spirit of persistence and firm belief in the belief, characteristic for the Egyptian Christians, was especially showed on the Halkidonsky cathedral on which successor Cyril the patriarch Alexandria Dioskor has supported monofizitskogo the doctrine. Under the decision of this cathedral monofizitstvo it has been declared by heresy, and the patriarch has been deposed. The Egyptian church has refused to be subject to the cathedral decision, having decided to go on split. In 5 centuries almost across all Egypt the Christianity monofizitskogo sense has extended.
The Byzantian period in history of Egypt. At the very end of 4 centuries Egypt became a province of East Roman province (Byzantium). Though 5 centuries it is not rich with written certificates, we were reached by jobs of one of pillars koptskogo monkhood SHenute from which follows, that the pagan religion still was popular among some land owners and high officials. More numerous documents concerning to 6 century, testify that the definitive victory of Christianity has not affected eradication of violence and wars. During the Byzantian period there was an increase in number of large ground estates at the expense of assignment of the lots of impoverished peasants. The system of mutual relations of the land owner and the farmer, carrying the name kolonat was generated. Land owners-kolony, in turn, paid with owners of the earth the work or a part of the collected crop.
In 554 Byzantian emperor Justinian has divided Egypt into four provinces, having delivered at the head of each of them the governor allocated with all completeness of the civil and military power. The Egyptian (Koptsky) church with the same persistence with what opposed to attempts of the government of the Byzantian empire by force to impose to Egypt spiritual management orthodox (melkitskogo) the patriarch, resisted to idea of reconciliation with other Christian churches.
Decline of Egypt. In 619 at Persian tsar Hosrove II Egypt has been subordinated Persia and was under its power apprx. 10 years. In 628 armies of Byzantian emperor Iraklija have won former possession in Egypt. In the Greek-Roman domination occurred decline drevneegipetskoj cultures and arts and oblivion pozdneegipetskogo language. The literature, basically the religious contents, was published on-koptski.
THE MIDDLE AGES, NEW AND NEWEST HISTORY
Despite social and economic and political disorders pozdnevizantijskogo the period, the Egyptian manuscripts testify to riches of the diverse literature in the Greek language which products formed in one of the centres ellinizma or in the Egypt.
In the meantime powerful arabo-Muslim movement in the east arose. The first victim of Arabs became sasanidsky Iran. In 639 Arabs have intruded in Egypt which as a result of religious conflicts and discontent of Egyptians with the Byzantian board has appeared so weakened, that a small quota of the Arabian soldiers it has appeared enough for grab of a significant part of a valley of Nile. The Greek language continued to use still some time after arrival of Arabs, it was even long saved koptsky language. However with strengthening in Egypt of items of the Arabian language and Islam the country has considerably changed the ethnocultural orientation.
The beginning of the Arabian board. In December 639 Amr ibn the al-expert, the military leader of the Caliph of the Arabian state of the Lobster at the head of fourthousandth group has moved from Palestin to Egypt. During operations it was found out, that having been available at Amra forces was insufficiently for storm of the strengthened items and the cities enclosed with fortifications. In the spring 640 from Arabia help by number of 10 thousand persons has appeared in time. Already nothing prevented to begin a siege of Babylon placing nearby to modern Cairo. The emperor of Byzantium Irakly has rejected advice of the representative in the government of Egypt of patriarch Kira to hand over a city without fight, and Babylon has been taken by storm on April, 6th 641.
Six more thousand volunteers-Moslems of profit from Arabia, but Arabs did not manage to overcome fortifications of Alexandria. Kir has gone on the peace agreement with conquerors, and in September 642 city has passed to Arabs. The prisoner between the Byzantian patriarch and the Muslim military leader provided the agreement, that the land tax will act to Arabs and each not practising Islam adult inhabitant of Alexandria should pay to conquerors the capitation tax. According to the agreement, any attempt of the Byzantian army again to seize a city or its harbour should be reflected. Proprietary interests of Christians and Jews on their temples were saved, they could make divine services and live the same as and before arrival of Arabs. Kopty which throughout long time were exposed to oppressions from the Byzantian emperors, did not render resistance to conquerors.
Not losing time, Arabs have started operation of the ancient channel constructed still at Pharaohs connecting Nile with Red sea, and already in 644 twenty ships of a steel on unloading in the Arabian ports. At the initial stage of the Arabian board Egypt represented the important province Arabian halifata. At caliphal dynasties Omejjadov (661–750) and Abbasidov (Baghdad halifat, 750–868) Egypt talented governors (since Amra ibn the al-expert) operated. Alexandria formed strategic marine base. Hegemony of Byzantium on Mediterranean sea thus has ceased. Though historically Alexandria was a main city of Egypt, the Arabian armies have selected constant residence place Fustat (in transfer "Tent"), possessed on Nile (sovr. Suburb of Cairo – Mysr an ale-kadima). The new Egyptian capital based by Arabs became a cradle of modern Cairo.
The period of board of dynasties Tulunidov and Ihshididov. In process of easing in 9 centuries Abbasidsky halifata governors of Egypt even more often began to ignore requests of Bagdad about payment of taxes. Nominated in 868 governor of Egypt the military leader of a Turkic origin Ahmed ibn Tulun soon has ceased to be subject abbasidskim to Caliphs. As now taxes have ceased to be removed from Egypt, the country has entered the period of relative prosperity. At the head of huge army in 877 ibn Tulun has seized Syria and has created in Akke marine base. Paying the big attention to capital Fustat development, it has constructed there the magnificent mosque which till now is one of architectural masterpieces of old Cairo. As a result of numerous defects of a control system of 905 power Tulunidov over Egypt has ended, and to the following of 30 years again has passed to Abbasidam. In 935 Mohammed ibn Tugdzh, the founder of dynasty Ihshididov, the Turki on an ethnic accessory and samarkandets on the birthplace, became the independent governor of Egypt. Later it has extended the power to Syria, Palestin and Hijaz. But already in 969 his sons have been compelled to concede the power over the Ihshididsky state of more powerful Muslim North African dynasty Fatimidov.
Board of dynasty Fatimidov. The dynasty of the Arabian Caliphs considering with descendants of the daughter of prophet Mohammed – Fatimy, has been based Saidom ibn by Hussein from Syria. In 909 it has dethroned governors Ifrikii (in territory sovr. Tunis) – emirs of dynasty Aglabidov, has accepted name Ubejdallah Mahdi and has headed halifat Fatimidov. Itself Ubejdallah belonged to Shiism sect – ismailitam, to enemies sunnitskih abbasidskih Caliphs. Within several years Fatimidy have established the control over mostly North Africa, in 914 them Alexandria has been seized, attacks in area of delta of Nile whence have begun. Fatimidy have seized бoльшую a part of islands in the western Mediterranean and plundered cities at coast of Italy, France and Spain. In 969 by order of fatimidskogo the Caliph al-Muizza Egypt has been occupied. In 973 Caliph has transferred capital to recently built up Cairo. One year the mosque al-Azhar earlier has been built. It was the period of the best blossoming halifata Fatimidov, stretched from modern Morocco in the west to Syria in the east and from Yemen in the south to Turkey in the north (to a ridge the Tauri). In spite of the fact that after a board epoch al-Hakima (996–1021) decline of dynasty Fatimidov has begun, economic prosperity of Egypt proceeded thanks to that through Cairo there passed set of the trading ways connecting the Mediterranean and East Asia. Fatimidy lost the military power and could not prevent grabs of Syria and Palestin Turkis-seldzhukami and to an exit from under their control of the North Africa. However, it was possible to return Palestin, but only for a while. It has been again lost during the first campaign of crusaders in 1099.
After the Syrian and Palestinian Moslems have achieved of some victories over crusaders, in 1167 for preparation of defensive boundaries to Egypt has arrived Saladin (Salah-hells-dynes). In 1171 soldiers Saladina have deposed weak fatimidskogo the Caliph al-Adida. At Saladine as the state religion of Egypt Islam sunnitskogo sense has been restored.
Board of dynasty Ajjubidov. Saladin, becoming in 1171 governor of Egypt, formally was subject to the emir of Syria the Nur-hell-dyne. After death last in 1174 has attached its Syrian possession. Destruction of the states of crusaders in territory of Levant was treasured dream Saladina. In 1187 in fight under hittinom at Tiberias lake in Palestin armies Saladina have broken crusaders and have seized Jerusalem. During the third crusade Christians have returned to themselves Akku, but have failed at storm of Jerusalem. In 1192 between crusaders and Saladinom the peace agreement according to which over coast the control of crusaders was established, and over internal areas – Saladina has been reached. Its successors corrected Egypt to 1250. The last representative of dynasty Ajjubidov Muazzam the Turan-shah was will dethrone commanders of guards mamljukov – the white slaves which were on a preferred position which have established a mode known under the name mamljukskogo sultanata in the country. As a whole both at Fatimidah, and at Ajjubidah in Egypt developed an industry and commerce, scientists were supported from the state, schools opened, new mosques and palaces were under construction. The big attention was given to perfection of irrigational system, including building of dams and channels.
Board mamljukov. With 1250 on 1517 Egypt coped descendants of guardsmen of the last sultans of dynasty Ajubidov – mamljukami. For this period 47 sultans were replaced. Some of them were illiterate, hardly expressed in an Arabian way and vaguely represented, that such Islam, however the majority had remarkable military men and managerial ability. One of the brightest representatives mamljukskih governors sultan Zahir of Rukn-hells-dynes-bejbars (1260–1277). In 1260 in fight at Ajn-Dzhalute (area of Nablus in Palestin) armies under its management have crushed the Mongolian army, having prevented its intrusion into Egypt. While the large part of Muslim empire of the Near East, since Genghis Khan times (the beginning 13 century) and to Tamerlana (the end 14 century) Was exposed to periodic devastating attacks of nomads from Asia, in Egypt the science, architecture and trade prospered. In particular, in second half of 15 centuries by order of sultan Ashrafa of Safes-hells-dynes Kait-beja (1468–1496) the memorial complex has been built, the saved which minaret is till now an ornament of Cairo.
After the Portuguese ships in the end of 15 centuries from the south have rounded Africa and have opened a way to India, they blocked an input and an exit from Red sea and monopolised trade in spices. Scales of the international trading operations through territory of Egypt began to be reduced. To 1510 mamljukskie sultans have lost the control over the power, and to 1517 Egypt has got under the power of Turkish sultan Selima I JAvuza which has switched on Syria in structure of Ottoman empire, Arabian p and бoльшую a part of the North Africa.
Egypt under osmanskim domination. In the end of 16 centuries third of all taxes collected in Ottoman empire acted from Egypt. In 17 centuries Cairo became again world trade centre. The Egyptian dealers purchased in Yemen of coffee mokko and removed it in the countries of the Near East and to Europe. Formally Egypt was considered as one of provinces of Ottoman empire which coped the governor – the pasha who had residence in Cairo. While from Egypt to Istanbul significant fiscal charges acted, sultans of Ottoman empire preferred not to introduce any radical changes to the control system of the province which has saved since times of domination mamljukov. The similar policy has given the chance mamljukskim to high-ranking officials – bejam to establish by the end of 17 centuries an effective control over the country. To the middle of 18 centuries with easing of the power of Ottoman empire over Egypt mamljukskie bei felt independent. In the opposition central osmanskomu to the government they at times searched for support at the European businessmen and their governments who have been interested in Egypt as a source of cheap wheat. In the end of 18 centuries as a result of conflicts among mamljukov in the country anarchy was established. In 1798 French armies led by Napoleon I have seized Egypt. At the heart of this share plans of creation of strategic base for the further struggle against the Great Britain for possession India, maintenance of deliveries of Egyptian wheat to France and the colony bases in the Arabian East laid. However in 1801 English and Turkish armies have expelled Frenchmen from Egypt.
Mohammed Ali's board. Mohammed Ali (1769–1849), the native of the Thracian city of Kavalla, in the past the dealer tobacco was one of commanders of division osmanskih the armies entered into Egypt for struggle against the French occupation. At support of the Bosnian and Albanian parts Mohammed Ali has united with mamljukami in struggle with osmanskim the governor of Egypt and has compelled it to run from Cairo. Then it managed to separate armed forces mamljukov and to supersede them in desert. In 1805 government of Ottoman empire has nominated Mohammed Ali as the pasha of Egypt who in 1811 became the absolute governor of the country. However, he still recognised itself(himself) as vassal Osmanov and annually sent to Istanbul the collected taxes. An epoch of board of Mohammed Ali, proceeding to 1849, – one of the major periods in history of Egypt. Mohammed Ali, a bright political figure 19 century, is esteemed by Egyptians as the founder of modern Egypt. By means of the European military experts and technical experts Ali has reorganised the Egyptian army on the European sample, has nationalised бoльшую a part of the earths belonging mamljukam, has entered a state monopoly on stand products made in the country and the goods and has begun campaign for clap cultivation in delta of Nile. Have been on his order cleared away old and new irrigation canals are constructed. The system of a summer irrigation that has allowed the Egyptian peasants (fellaham) to grow up 2–3 crops in a year has been entered.
Thanks to successful struggle against epidemic illnesses and improvement of working conditions in agriculture the country population to the middle of 19 centuries has increased to 4,5 million persons. With introduction the Ale-mahmudija transport streams across Nile have gone to a system of the large channel through Alexandria, stimulirovav fast growth of the city which number of inhabitants was decupled in comparison with 1805 and has reached 150 thousand persons in 1847. In due course Mohammed Ali's boards formation of the national industry is connected: metallurgical, glass, sugar factories, shipyards, the enterprises for production cold and fire-arms have been constructed textile and maslobojnye factories. The trading and military fleet has been expanded. However, later production has been suspended because of shortage of raw materials and fuel in Egypt. Besides, the government of the Great Britain has not admitted introduction of tariffs which could help to stand to the Egyptian commodity producers in competition with English import. Mohammed Ali introduced achievements of the European scientific and technical progress in Egypt and has opened a number of technical schools of the European sample. At the same time he aspired not to get to complete dependence on Europe and was careful to do large loans.
Mohammed Ali's aggressive policy has left traces on development of all Muslim world. During the period with 1811 on 1819 its army has undertaken a number of successful campaigns against movement of Wahhabites in Arabia. In 1821 it the territory of East Sudan has been won, in 1824 Egyptian armed parts participated in suppression antiosmanskogo revolts in Greece, and in 1832 governors of Egypt glorified the son the Ibrahim-pasha (1789–1848) has broken armies of Ottoman empire in Syria, has intruded in Asia Minor and has compelled osmanskogo the sultan to give Syria. To 1833 under the power of Mohammed Ali there was the huge territory stretched from modern Sudan to the Tauri (in Turkey). At the same time creation process in Egypt powerful and really an independent state called concern not only Ottoman empire, but also some European powers which were afraid of a dislocation of balance of forces in the Near East. Creation plans in this region of a zone of the influence were born by France, did not hide the interest and the Great Britain anxious by preservation of safety of the vital communications on a way to India. Undertaken in 1841 joint armed share of the European powers and Ottoman empire has compelled Mohammed Ali to disengage the Egyptian armies from Syria and to accept such conditions of capitulation which actually meant its failure of claims for creation of the strong Egyptian state with powerful army and the developed industry. From its part osmansky the sultan has confirmed the law of succession of a dynasty of Mohammed Ali on management of Egypt.
Board Abbasa I (1849–1854). After death in 1849 Mohammeds Ali its grandson Abbas I who held this post to 1854 became the governor of Egypt. Abbasa disturbed growth of influence of the European powers in its possession, and he did not think of continuation of the policy of industrialisation begun by the grandfather and country upgrade. The truth it has made one exception, having granted the English company concession on railway building between Cairo and Alexandria. Englishmen have been interested in railway system building in Egypt as it considerably facilitated exportation of such important export culture as a clap; from area of delta of Nile it was transported in port of Alexandria and therefrom by the ships was transported to the Great Britain. Besides, the railway communication should improve system of communications along the vital way for Englishmen to India. The railroad line Cairo – Alexandria has become operational in 1852, and by the end of 19 centuries the network of railways in Egypt has been more developed, than in some European countries.
Board Saida-plough (1854–1863). After murder Abbasa I in 1854 next nine years at the head of Egypt there was a Said-pasha (Mohammed Said), liked fourth son Mohammed Ali. The new vice-king of Egypt has surrounded itself with Frenchmen and after four months after coming to power has issued to old friend Ferdinand Lessepsu concession on building of Suez canal. This project did not suit the Great Britain which was afraid, that the British trading interests in the east thereby will be infringed. Nevertheless «the General company of marine Suez canal» has been based and blocks of shares for the most developed states of the world are allocated. However, the shares reserved beyond the Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and also the USA, remained not redeemed. Channel building has begun in April 1859 but when in 1863 Said-shah has died, jobs on channel building were far from end.
Board Ismaila-plough (1863–1879). When grandson Mohammed Ali Ismail-pasha became the vice-king of Egypt, he was 33 years old. He dreamt to make Egypt a part of Europe and has much made for integration of the Egyptian and European economy. At the Ismaile-pasha docks, harbours, railways, telegraphic lines and new irrigational channels were constructed. Continuing a policy of the grandfather, the Ismail-pasha directed young Egyptians for study to higher educational establishments of Europe, promoting creation in the country of European formed middle class. Ismail has accepted obligations Saida on building of Suez canal and has enclosed considerable means in this enterprise. On opening ceremony to 1869 Suez canals many crowned persons from abroad were going to. Ismail has addressed to Juseppe Verdi with the request to write an opera on the occasion of the channel opening, however created by composer Aida for the first time has sounded only in 1871. After delivery of generous gifts the hereditary title hediva (prince) has been welcomed the sultan of Ottoman empire Ismailu, and in territory of Egypt the law on the primogeniture right has been entered at inheritance of a post of the vice-king. When Ismail only began the activity as the vice-king of Egypt, the external bond debt sum made 3 million English pounds sterling, and internal – 4 million pounds sterling. Later 13 years the debt has increased accordingly to 68 and 30 million pounds. Calmed by favourable conditions of granting of loans the international financial world and firmly believing in ability to pay thanks to increased in days of a civil war in the USA to the prices for a raw cotton, Ismail has finished the state to a bankruptcy status. In 1875 belonging hedivu shares of Suez canal have been redeemed by the Great Britain for 4 million pounds sterling. Ismail has been compelled to agree and on an establishment of the control of France and the Great Britain over the country finance, and in 1878 has passed a country government to "the European office», in which along with the Egyptian ministers of a post ministers-foreigners (the Englishman and the Frenchman) with the right of imposing of the veto to any decision of the vice-king have received also. When Ismail as a sign of the protest against foreign domination has dismissed the cabinet, the Great Britain, France and Germany have addressed with the protest to Istanbul. In 1879 hediv has been displaced osmanskim by the government, instead of Ismaila his son Tevfik has been nominated.
The tevfik-pasha and the Orabi-pasha (Arabi-pasha). The government hediva Tevfika (1879–1892) was still supervised by representatives of the Great Britain and France. Similar «the double control» was saved within two years while the national-liberation movement headed by colonel Ahmed Orabi-pashoj, has not outgrown in revolution (1881). The English-French marine squadron has arrived to coast of Egypt, however Frenchmen have not supported idea of intervention. As a result only English armies 1882 attacked on July, 11th from the sea Alexandria, and on July, 15th have entered into a city. So-called English-Egyptian war 1882 thus has begun. On September, 13th Englishmen in battle at the Ale-kebire have crushed forces Orabi-plough, and on September, 14th have entered into Cairo. The Orabi-pasha has been taken prisoner and banished on an island Ceylon, and Egypt is transformed into a colony of the Great Britain.
English occupation of Egypt. Throughout the next 50 years hediv has been compelled to follow recommendations of the English consul general in which hands all power has been concentrated. Under command of Englishmen there was an Egyptian army. In territory of Egypt large garrisons of the British armies have been billeted on a constant basis. For control of actions of the Egyptian government and maintenance of payments under the foreign debt Englishmen have started to dispose of the country finance. However, the amount of debt did not decrease and still served as a constant obstacle in a way of economic development of Egypt. Evelin Bering (future lord Kromer) (1841–1917), holding this post with 1883 on 1907 was the first consul general of the Great Britain in Egypt. As a result of its activity the base for creation of the modern Egyptian state has been prepared.
The establishment of the English control has led to stabilisation of the finance, improvement of job of administration. Appreciable successes have been reached in the field of public health services, agriculture and trade. In 1898 English-Egyptian armed forces under Herbert Kitchenera's command have suppressed revolt in Sudan, proceeding with 1881. As Sudan has been won by army of pasha Mohammed Ali in 1820th years, Egypt has declared the right to Sudanese territory. However Englishmen have compelled the government of Egypt to sign in 1899 English-Egyptian agreement about kondominiume over Sudan, that in theory meant an establishment of a joint management of England and Egypt. In practice Sudan has been separated from Egypt, and the control over the country has passed to Englishmen. The second acute problem in mutual relations of Egypt and the Great Britain concerned the status of English armies in territory of Egypt. The item of the Great Britain was reduced to that as Suez canal plays the vital role in maintenance of safety of trading interests of the Great Britain in this part of globe, English armies should remain in territory of Egypt for order maintenance.
Item of governors Gorsta and Kitchener. At English administration the dam around delta of Nile has been reconstructed and the Aswan dam is built. The volume of foreign trade of Egypt has trebled at this time, there was an increase in public revenues. The country population has grown from 6,8 million persons in 1883 to 12,3 million in 1914. In 1907 armchair of the general governor has taken Eldon Gorst, in 1911 it has replaced Kitchener. In 1906–1907 in Egypt two political organisations – the Fatherland Consignment (Hizb al-Vatan) led by Mustafoj Kamilem and people Consignment (Hizb al-Umma) led by Ahmed Lutfi the expert-sejidom were formed. Both consignments became spokesmen of ideas of the Egyptian nationalism. In a new situation and Gorst, and Kitchener was made by efforts on creation of more representative government. Their reforms have met with approval from Proenglish consignment Hizb al-Umma, but have been rejected by consignment Hizb al-Vatan. Egypt – protectorate of the Great Britain. In November 1914 Great Britain declared war of Turkey as to the ally of Germany, and on December, 18th the status of the British protectorate under control of Supreme commissioner Arthur Henry Makmagona has been given Egypt. Many Egyptian politicians taking in the past the Probritish items, in particular Saad Zagljul, have joined numbers of national-liberation movement. In the end of the First World War of hope of Egyptians on independence have been completely ignored. Besides, Englishmen have not allowed delegation from a consignment "Vafd" led by the Zagljul-pasha to participate in the Parisian peace conference 1919–1920. Zagljul and its some supporters in March 1919 have been seized and sent to Malta that has served as the reason of the Antibritish performances in many areas of Egypt. The English authorities by means of the weapon have suppressed all performances. By the new Supreme commissioner of Egypt general Allenbi who insisted on settlement of the English-Egyptian relations has been nominated. In April Zagljul has been released, and the consignment "Vafd" has extended the influence on all country. However in December 1921 new arrest and link Zagljulja from which it has returned only in September 1923 have followed. By results of the commission report led by the minister of colonies of Great Britain Milnerom (so-called Missions Milnera, December 1919 – March 1920) which should familiarise at-sight with internal political conditions, official London declared the intention to grant Egypt independence in 1922. The declaration of the English government from February, 22nd 1922 the protectorate of the Great Britain over Egypt has been excellent. However Englishmen have reserved the right to interfere with internal affairs of Egypt concerning maintenance of safety of Suez canal and the communications belonging to British Empire, protection of foreigners and national minorities, and also a joint management of Sudan. On March, 15th by 1922 king of Egypt sultan Ahmed Fuad I has been declared.
Education of independent Egypt. In 1923 the constitution has been promulgated, the martial law is cancelled and an election of deputies in the Egyptian parliament is held. Englishmen recognised Ahmed Fuada's right to a royal throne, but have rejected its claims on the power over Sudan. Under the constitution 1923, the king was allocated with significant imperious authorities. He could declare an idle period of parliament and even to dismiss it, and also to impose the veto on its decisions. Though ministers were accountable to parliament, their purpose and resignation were a prerogative of the king. Besides, the two fifth members of parliament from the general number were nominated personally as the king. English advisers worked in all official bodies, by the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian armed forces the Englishman has been nominated. The Returned from exile Zagljul-pasha in January 1924 has participated in parliamentary elections. Its consignment "Vafd" has gained a convincing victory, having won 188 places from 215, and itself Zagljul has been nominated by the prime minister. Whether in November of 1924 commanders-in-chief the Egyptian army and the governor-general of Sudan had been nominated the Stack. Egypt has been completely debarred from affairs of Sudan. The Zagljul-pasha under the pressure of Englishmen and because of intense relations with the king has been compelled to retire. The government obedient an ox of the king and Englishmen has been nominated. To the constitutional board the country has returned only in 1935. All this time the consignment "Vafd" which after death in 1927 Zagljulja was headed Mustafa by the Nahhas-pasha, continued struggle for independence of Egypt.
English-Egyptian agreement 1936. After the Italian aggression against Ethiopia the government of the Great Britain has come to conclusion about necessity of the conclusion of the agreement with Egypt which would promote cooperation of Englishmen with nationalist adjusted population of the country. Leaders of different political parties have united around Nahhas-plough and in March 1936 have met the Supreme commissioner of the Great Britain in Egypt Majlsom Lempsonom. On August, 26th in London the agreement according to which military occupation of Egypt was replaced by the English-Egyptian military cooperation calculated for 20 years has been signed. Have been legalised unlimited emigration of Egyptians to Sudan and the right of Egypt to use the armies in territory of Sudan. Cancellation in the near future established during times osmanskogo dominations in Egypt of a mode of capitulations (unequal agreements), granting to foreigners a number of privileges and privileges, and also the mixed international courts was besides, provided so that foreigners and the foreign companies were subject to the Egyptian legislation, especially in sphere tax and a financial policy. In spite of the fact that immediate inference of the Great Britain a little oslablo, Egypt has received only limited independence.
In 1936 on a royal throne there has ascended son Fuada Faruk who as in due course and his father, for the purpose strengthenings of own power has developed political intrigues against a consignment "Vafd" and in 1937 has sent in resignation selected democratic by the government Nahhas-plough. The Second World War and a postwar period. When in 1939 the Second World War has burst, Egypt has broken off diplomatic relations with Germany. Many Egyptian politicians, both from opposition, and from an environment of king Faruka, fed hope, that during war power of the Great Britain will weaken also chances of Egypt of independence finding will increase. The consignment "Vafd" consistently opposed nazism and an establishment of cooperation with Germany and Italy. Being a unique political organisation in Egypt, enjoying authority in various strata of society, the consignment "Vafd" even in difficult conditions of a wartime supported internal stability in the country. On February, 4th 1942 when the German armies conducted approach in the North Africa in a direction of Egypt, English tanks were surrounded with a royal palace and the ambassador of Great Britain Killern has handed to king Faruku the ultimatum: to entrust with the leader vafdistov to the Nahhas-pasha to generate the government or to abdicate. Created "Vafdom" the government closely co-operating with Englishmen, was at the power to 1944, and then under the decree of the king has been dismissed.
Military operations of the USA and the Great Britain in the North Africa promoted industry development in Egypt: it has been constructed a lot of new and the old enterprises are expanded. The Near-Eastern centre on maintenance of allied armies granted a technical aid and directed industrial development of Egypt. English-Egyptian agreement 1936 and has not led the country of original independence. English armies still based in the middle Cairo and along Suez canal. Begun because of the termination of defence jobs of dismissal of staff on industrial enterprises have led to unemployment growth that has created serious social problems in cities. Many graduates of the maximum special educational institutions and universities have appeared the unemployed also. Realisation ground and other ripened social reforms has been suspended by politically influential large land owners, the main thing among which was king Faruk.
The consignment "Vafd", with 1919 heading national-liberation movement, has largely lost the authority. Simultaneously some new political organisations challenged the right to a management of national-liberation movement: Association "Brothers-Moslems" – the movement of Muslim revival based in 1928 preacher Hasanom al-Bannoj; movement «Young Egypt», based in 1933 Ahmed Hussein, and revived, but the communistic movement consisting of much fractions, the largest grouping in which made Democratic movement for national clearing led by Anri Kjurielem. In most "Vafda" under the influence Marxism there was a group of young radicals Vafdistsky avant-guard.
As social and political requests of the population remained outstanding, on February, 21st 1946 on call-up of National committee of workers and pupils on all country there has passed a massive strike over which communists and Vafdistsky avant-guard supervised. Aspiring to bring down heat of national-liberation movement and to reduce influence of the left forces, king Faruk has nominated as prime minister Ismaila I Sidki-plough. By July Sidki it was possible to suppress working and student's movement.
Attempts of the prime minister to allow the contradiction between Egypt and the Great Britain have by negotiation ended with failure. With the beginning on May, 14th 1948 arabo-Israeli wars in territory of Egypt have been entered the martial law.
To 1950 ruling mode it has appeared in so fragile position, that king Faruku had to allow realisation of free parliamentary elections following the results of which to the power the consignment "Vafd" again has come. The Nahhas-pasha and its consignment required immediate care of Englishmen and association of Egypt and Sudan under the power of the king. Counter offers of the English party – evacuation of the British armies in five years, in 1956 as it was provided in agreement 1936, and creation of joint English-Egyptian system of antiaircraft defence have been rejected. As replacement of terms and conditions of contract 1936 which already has been unilaterally cancelled by government Nahhasa, in October 1951 USA, the Great Britain, France and Turkey have proposed to create Middle Eastern command into which Egypt was included as the partner equal in rights. Egypt has rejected this offer and has declared the determination to put an end to a mode kondominiuma in Sudan. The sharp application of the Great Britain has followed, that, despite of an item of Egypt, the British armies remain in territory of Sudan and in a zone of Suez canal. Three months of guerrilla war in a channel zone were finished on January, 25th by 1952 fierce armed conflict in Ismailia in which course Englishmen have thrown against Egyptian the guerrilla of 1,5 thousand soldiers. On January, 26th in Cairo performances against foreigners in which course the heavy damage of the property of foreign nationals has been put have begun.
Throughout the next six months in Egypt the extremely intense conditions were saved. On July, 23rd the organisation «Free officers», consisting of the young officers nominally headed by general Mohammed Nagibom, has made revolution. On their request the new government led by Ali the Mahir-pasha has been generated. On July, 26th king Faruk has been compelled to abdicate in favour of the juvenile son of prince Ahmed Fuada II. In September Mohammed Nagib became the prime minister, and political parties of Egypt have received the order to reorganise the activity. Many maximum officers have been dismissed, and people from an environment of the king are seized. The law on an agrarian reform has been passed.
Lieutenant colonel Gamal Abdel Naser became the original chief of the Egyptian revolution. It is necessary to notice, that general Nagib was not included into number of members of the organisation and has been declared by its chief proceeding from tactical reasons – first, it had a high military rank, and secondly, thanks to personal bravery during the arabo-Israeli war 1948–1949 became rather popular person. Advice of a management of revolution led by Abdel Naserom became the supreme body of the political power in Egypt. Republic Egypt. Changes in a political life. On June, 18th 1953 Egypt has been proclaimed by republic. General Nagib became its first president and the prime minister, and Abdel Naser has held posts of the vice-premier and the Minister of Internal Affairs. The beginning of political confrontation in which course supported were vafdistami, communists and "Brothers-Moslems" Nagib has opposed Abdel Nasera and other chiefs of the country who were not wishing restoration in Egypt of parliamentary democracy concerns March 1954. Abdel Naser has resolutely stopped performance Nagiba, has deprived of its all posts and, having strengthened own political base, in 1956 by results of plebiscite has been declared by the president of the country. Subsequently all political contenders Abdel Nasera have been destroyed. After association "Brothers-Moslems" of attempt of attempt made in 1954 insurgent for life Abdel Nasera its chiefs have been seized, and six from them are sentenced to a death penalty through hanging.
Foreign policy problems of Egypt. In the field of international relations Abdel Naseru two major problems which decision did not suffer delay have got in the inheritance from the previous government: Sudan and a zone of Suez canal. The first of them basically has already been decided at general Nagibe who in 1952 has agreed with Sudanese leaders, that to a close of the year Sudan will receive self-management. The Great Britain has not put forward basic objections, and in February 1953 preparations for mode liquidation kondominiuma have begun. Hopes of the Egyptian management However, have not come true, that independent Sudan will vote for creation of federation from two countries or even for association with Egypt. The English-Egyptian negotiations of the status of a zone of Suez canal were tightened because of difficulty of development of conditions on which foreign armies would acquire the right to return in this area. In 1954 the agreement for a period of 7 years which essence was reduced to the following has been signed: Cancellation of English-Egyptian agreement 1936; the British armies should be evacuated to the middle 1956; in case of aggression against Turkey or any member country of League of the Arabian states Great Britain and its allies acquire a right to direct armies to Egypt; each of the parties should adhere to positions of the Constantinople convention 1888 concerning navigation freedom on the channel. That the agreement looked more attractive in the opinion of Egyptians, US president Duajt Eisenhower has promised after its signing to grant Egypt economic and financial aid. The United States have really granted the grant in 40 million dollars for upgrade of the Egyptian economy and promised to consider possibility of building of a new grandiose dam in Aswan.
Policy of a positive neutrality. Aspiration Abdel Nasera to receive at the USA the weapon spoke that creation of strong and capable army was one of items of the program of the organisation «Young officers», but also, the army made a support of a new ruling mode. Comprehension Abdel Naserom of necessity of upgrade of army has especially amplified after an attack of Israelis on February, 28th 1955 on garrison of the Egyptian armies in Gaza, revealed military-technical weakness of army of Egypt. However the USA have caused sale of the weapon by the introduction of Egypt in the Baghdad pact – the organisation of the countries of the Near East which activity has been directed against the USSR. Naser did not wish to enter this pact. First, he considered, what is it can lead raskvartirovaniju in territory of Egypt of foreign armies, and secondly, did not consider Soviet Union as the opponent. At the Bandung conference of not joined countries which have taken place in April 1955, Abdel Naser has acted with declaration of a new policy of a positive neutrality. The USA have apprehended item Abdel Nasera as Prosoviet. In September 1955 Egypt declared the intention to purchase the weapon in Czechoslovakia.
Nevertheless discussion of a question on possibility of financing by the West of building of the high-rise Aswan dam which end would allow to increase considerably the area of the processed earths and a country energy potential proceeded. The project estimated value made 1 billion dollars the World bank promised to allocate a loan at a rate of 200 million dollars, the Great Britain – 5 million pounds sterling, and the USA – 56 million dollars However as Egypt firmly adhered to principles of a policy of a positive neutrality and urged to join it and other Arabian countries, in July 1956 US state secretary John Foster Dalles has declared, that its country refuses to finance dam building. Some days to an example of the USA have followed later the Great Britain. Nationalisation of Suez canal. As answer-back measure Abdel Naser has nationalised Suez canal, having declared, that incomes of its operation will be used for building of the Aswan dam. According to the agreement the channel should pass into the ownership of Egypt in 1968, but Abdel Naser has declared government intention to pay to interested parties corresponding indemnification and strictly to observe all international obligations. Thus the Great Britain and France should understand, that transition of Suez canal in the complete property of Egypt allowed Abdel Naseru to deliver under the control the vital trading communications, especially if to consider that role which the channel played to petroleum transportation to Europe. The Great Britain and France planned intervention in a zone of Suez canal, however Dalles has urged to take of a reserved item.
War on the Sinai Peninsula. Developing throughout many months the plan of an attack for Egypt for the purpose overthrows Abdel Nasera, the Great Britain and France started with reasons, that the success of operation will allow to take Suez canal under the control, and also to put an end to the help of Egypt to national-liberation movement in Algeria. At the confidential meeting which has taken place in suburb of Paris in October 1956, the decision was accepted, that the first military actions against Egypt there will begin Israel. On October, 29th the Israeli armies have intruded on territory of Gaza Strip (were with 1949 under control of Egypt) and the Sinai Peninsula. The Great Britain and France have presented both parties the ultimatum (obviously unacceptable for Abdel Nasera) with a request to terminate fire and to disengage armies from a zone of Suez canal. For the fifth day of war English and French aircraft bombarded Port Said where then the parachute landing has been landed. Strict preventions from the USA and the USSR have led to an armistice for the tenth day after the beginning of military actions, and to a zone of Suez canal there has arrived group of UN observers. However, the channel by this time has been already blocked by Egyptians. English and French armies have been evacuated in December. The Israeli armies have left territory of the Sinai Peninsula in January, and sector of Gaza – in March 1957.
Despite military defeat, Abdel Naser has gained the important political victory. Extreme forces of the United Nations supervised a withdrawal of Israeli troops, and the United Nations rescue crew executed clearing of the channel of the sunk courts. All Arabian states have expressed support to Egypt, popularity Nasera among Arabs has reached apogee. On reached in 1958 in Rome the agreement, Egypt had to pay to shareholders of the company of Suez canal of 28,3 million pounds sterling.
The Arabian unity. Thanks to the political victory gained on Sinai, Abdel Naser became the most authoritative politician of the Arabian world. In Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and other Arabian countries it was perceived as the leader, capable to head all Arabs in struggle for liquidation of the rests of colonialism, to resist to threat from the state Israel and to unite the Arabian world in powerful force which would have influence all over the world. The consignment of the Arabian revival (Baas) in Syria propagandised for a long time idea of unity of the Arabian world. Representatives of different political organisations of Syria and its president Shukri Kuatli have departed to Cairo to convince Abdel Nasera of necessity of creation of the union of two countries. Abdel Naser has agreed with this offer provided that all political parties of Syria will be forbidden and replaced by unique consignment with territories of Egypt – the National union. On February, 1st 1958 Egypt and Syria have united in a federative state Incorporated Arabian Republic (OAR). By the president of new republic has been selected Abdel Naser. In Cairo, capital OAR, the uniform legislature sat, uniform military command has been created and the uniform foreign policy was spent. In the Arabian world education OAR has been apprehended as the first step on a way to the Arabian unity. The Arabian socialism. To idea of the Arabian unity blow in September 1961, after a military coup d'etat in Syria when the new mode declared an exit of the country from OAR has been struck. Egypt has accelerated in the meantime rates of social and economic transformations. 82 % of industrial enterprises have been nationalised. The state control has been established over production of a clap, textiles, iron and a steel, chemical fertilizers, building and shipbuilding. Banks and assurance companies have been besides, nationalised. Half of places in parliament and boards of directors of government facilities has been allocated for representatives of working class and peasantry.
From 1952 on 1967 number of industrial workers and industrial output have trebled. Thanks to financial and a technical aid of the USSR building of the high-rise Aswan dam which operation should increase the area of the processed earths by third, and volume of the produced electric power – in 10 times was conducted. Dam building was conducted by accelerated tempo, and already to 1968 the artificial lake Naser has been created. Appreciable changes occurred and in the Egyptian village. The minimum size of earnings of farm workers has been established. In a countryside schools and hospitals were under construction. The special attention was given to investigation and an oil recovery, all taxes interfering development of production have been cancelled.
Military interference in civil war events in Yemen in 1962–1967 on the party of the revolutionary forces which have dumped a monarchic mode, has led to strain of relations with Saudi Arabia which supported royalists, and to worsening of economic conditions of Egypt. Attempt of association of Egypt with baasistskimi modes of Syria and Iraq as learnt by experience of recent association with Syria Abdel Naser insisted on a dominating role of Egypt in the prospective union has ended with failure. The conflict to Israel. Having underestimated depth of split of the Arabian world and a parity o
