Influence of Carthago and Rome According to the earliest mentions of Algeria, the people speaking on berberskih adverbs were its first population. Nearby 800 BC immigrants from a Phoenician city the Shooting gallery have located in territory of modern Tunis and in due course have created the independent state Carthago. The cities of Annabas located in the western direction, Skikda and Algeria, known to Carthaginians under name Ikosim (Oul, or, probably, Torn), represented the trading trading stations of Carthago located on a way to Spain. When in 146 BC Carthago has been destroyed by Romans, in territory of Numidia as then Algeria was called, two kingdoms were formed. One of them was in the west, the city of Sirta, modern Konstantin was capital of the second, located in the east. Two the most known numidijskimi tsars were Masinissa (238–148 BC) United by means of Romans both kingdoms, and its grandson Jugurta who has entered with Romans war, has suffered defeat and all territory of Algeria has been executed in Rome in 104 BC Subsequently became possession of Roman empire. Process of building of the big cities has begun, roads, bridges and aqueducts have been built. In the Roman board the country population has accepted the Christianity, thus many Christians became supporters donatistskogo religious movement. Donatizm was the form of the spiritually-political protest against the Roman board. The largest figure of church and literary history of the Roman Algeria was St. Avgustin (354–430 AD) . In 429, already after falling of Roman empire, on territory of Algeria there have passed hordes of the vandals who were moving ahead from Spain to Tunis. Though in 6 century of Byzantium it was possible to establish a relative order in territory of Tunis and around coast, in the Algeria the anarchy was established. Internal areas of the country were in hands berberskih breeding leaders.
Gain of Algeria Moslems In the end of 7 century AD in territory of the North Africa there were Arabs-Moslems. Rather quickly, in the same century, they have finished the rests of the Byzantian board, but only after fierce struggle have managed to subordinate to itself berberov. Conquerors have forced local population to accept Islam, have imposed the language, culture, board system, having created arabo-berberskuju the civilisation which has existed up to now. In the Arabian gains in Spain and Sicily Tunis, later Spain and Morocco was the basic centre of the Arabian power. Though in the Arabian board in territory of Algeria (700–1500) there were insignificant state educations, they, as a rule, submitted to governors of Tunis if were in east part of the country, or to governors of Morocco if were in the west.
Turkish management In the end of 15 century Christian Spain, having crushed the last in the territory the Muslim state Granada, has directed the armies to Africa and has grasped the Algerian ports the Mercedes-ale-kebir, Oran, Algeria, Annaba and Bedzhaija. Local Arabian governors have addressed for the help to padishahs of Ottoman empire. Turks have expelled Spaniards from the North Africa, but then have discharged of the power of Arabs and began to correct independently.
Brothers Barbarossa were founders of a military colony Algeria subsequently known in Europe under the name Algerian regentstva. The senior from them, Orudzh, in 1516 has established the control over Algeria, and then has extended the power to Tlemsen. His younger brother and successor Hajraddin has expanded borders of the possession, having attached Annaba, to Konstantin, Biskra and oases Uargla and Tuggurt. In 1553, after long collisions between Arabs, Spaniards and Turks, Tlemsen has been attached.
Within more than 100 years the country coped the governors (pashas) appointed from Istanbul. After 1671 Algeria as Turkish possession began to use a considerable autonomy led by the governor for life selected high-ranking officials and officers of civil, military and sea services of Algeria. Odzhak, the case janychar, making the major part of Osmansky army in Algeria, was typed from inhabitants Anatolys and if in 17 century number janychar made apprx. 20 thousand persons to 1830 them there was approximately 5 thousand Governor of Algeria recognised itself as the vassal of the sultan of Ottoman empire, and in case of military actions the Algerian fleet has been obliged to assist the Turkish. On all extent 16 century the Algerian fleet showed terrible force and when in 1543 Frantsisk I has entered allied relations with Ottoman empire, the French port Toulon has been given the Algerian seamen as winter parking. Turkish language was used in a country control system, only Turks could hold responsible administrative posts.
Traditions korsarstva, put in pawn still brothers Barbarossa, were saved in Algeria throughout three hundred years of Turkish board. Blossoming korsarstva has fallen to 16 and 17 centuries, then, in process of perfection of seaworthy qualities and arms of the European courts, this craft began to come to naught. Nevertheless up to capture of Algeria in 1830 Frenchmen local corsairs represented threat for merchant marine fleet courts.
In Turkish possession Algeria has been divided into three provinces (bejlika) – to Konstantin, Titteri (Medea) and Maskaru (sovr. Oran). Local Arabian tribes and berbery have actually been given to themselves.
The Earth in Algeria, as a rule, was 16–17 centuries in possession of all tribe, nobody had personal plots, but in Kabilii and other places of moving berberov the first villages already began to appear. Wheat export, and also raisin, dates, weaver's products, tobacco, a skin and beeswax was carried out considerable on volume. Products of the Algerian handicraftsmen arrived on the local market. The import of the cheap industrial goods which have begun after capture of Algeria by France, has led to almost full decline of local craft manufacture. In Turkish board the European import consisted mainly of luxury goods. The French businessmen posessed concession on extraction of corals and some other kinds of crafts.
Days concluded dogovory with foreign powers and accepted embassies and consulates. Own Algerian coin was minted, at the governor the council consisting of the minister of affairs of foreign policy and fleet (Uvakil al-Harifk), the military minister (aha) and the minister who was responsible for the state treasury and internal affairs (haznadzhi) functioned.
The French board Disembarkation of the French armies in Algeria in 1830 has marked renewal of the French expansion in the North Africa interrupted in the end of the period of board of Napoleon. Aggression was developed against an aggravation of old conflicts because of a delay by France of payments for 19 century got in the beginning the Algerian grain. The situation was aggravated with that circumstance, that during a public audience on April, 29th 1827 enraged dej slightly has struck impudently keeping French consul Devalja a fan. This incident has served as an occasion to the further escalation of the conflict between the countries. Charles's French government X was afraid of loss of trading trading stations in La-Kale, to Annaba and Kollo and intended to strengthen the positions by means of military force. Power liquidation deja has been presented an external world as desire to put an end to a piracy of the Algerian seamen that should call positive reaction from the European powers. On June, 14th 1830 French armies under command of the general de Burmona have landed in a place Sit-farrush in 21 km to the West from Algeria and have quickly crushed army deja. On July, 5th dej declared capitulation.
The French armies have gradually occupied all coastal areas near to Algeria, Bedzhaii, Annaba, Mostaganem, Arzeu and Orana, in internal areas of the country the independent breeding state led by emir Abd al-Kadirom which has developed fierce resistance of the French occupation was formed. In 1834 status of new possession has been recognised under contract Demishelja, and later, in May 1837, it is specified according to the contract, signed in Tafne. Nevertheless, when in the same 1837 Frenchmen have grasped to Konstantin and it became clear, that they intend to establish the control over central and east areas of the country, the state Abd antagonism al-Kadira and the French colonial army has flashed with new force.
The French government has approved the plan of capture of territory of all Algeria, and throughout next seven years the French armies under command of general Bjuzho conducted the armed actions against groups Abd al-Kadira. In 1844 Abd al-Kadir has addressed for the help to the sultan of Morocco Mulaj Abd-ar-Rahmanu, and marrokanskie armies have moved to border with Algeria. In August 1844 in fight at river Isli near to of Oujda Moroccans have suffered shattering defeat from Frenchmen. On September, 10th the sultan of Morocco has been forced to sign the Tanzhersky contract on which was obliged not to support Abd al-Kadiru. In 1847 emir has been compelled to surrender, but one campaign of the French armies was required yet to win Kabiliju and areas of the extreme south where in 1849–1850 two oases – Zaadzha and Nara have been destroyed. To 1848 Algeria has been declared by the French territory, its three provinces have turned to departments led by the prefects who were carrying out administrative functions. To 1858–1860 Algeria was under a direct control of the minister of affairs of colonies in Paris, then has been passed in military authorities conducting. In 1870 Algerian Moslems have been declared by French "citizens", but have not received the political rights. Civil control has been the same year regained, and in 1881–1896 separate administrative services were supervised by the corresponding ministries from Paris. After 1896 the post the governor general has been restored.
National movement The Algerian national movement has arisen during the period after the First World War termination. The first political party in Algeria has been created in 1923 Messali Hadzhem. National-revolutionary movement «the North African star» set as the purpose struggle for improvement of working conditions of workers in all North Africa. Then it began to be called as Party of the Algerian people, and has been renamed into Movement for a celebration of democratic freedom (MTLD) a little bit later.
Farhat Abbas, the pharmacist from Setif, supported at the beginning full assimilation of Moslems and distribution on them of the rights in a sphere of education and the political rights as a whole which in the country only Europeans until then used. This politician posesses the initiative of the party creation, known under the name the Democratic union of the Algerian manifesto (UDMA). In 1956 Farhat Abbas has joined the ranks of Front of national clearing (FNO), and became the first prime minister of provisional government of the Algerian Republic (VPAR) later.
The Association of the Algerian ulemov-reformers created apprx. 1935, in which head was the third political association putting the purposes of national clearing, there was sheikh Abd al-Hamid Ben Badis. Association supported clarification of Islam and its clearing of administrative dependence of the French authorities, stood up for creation of schools with teaching only in the Arabian language. During the Second World War as a result of appeals of allied armies to self-determination, defeat of France, lifting of the Arabian nationalism as a whole, presence in territory of the country of English and American armies heat of national feelings has amplified. In May 1945 all these factors, and also hunger and poverty of a wartime, have provoked spontaneous national performances in Setif in which course 88 Frenchmen have been killed. In the answer reprisals from the authorities in which result the French soldiers and European poselentsami had been killed 8 thousand Algerian Moslems have followed.
In 1947 French government, having refused to discuss offers Ferhata Abbasa concerning federation, has imposed to Algeria the Organic statute according to which Algeria appeared group of departments with own citizenship and a financial autonomy. The statute provided creation of the Algerian meeting in number of 120 members, thus representatives of Europeans and Moslems should participate in him; granting of full French citizenship of 30 thousand the Moslems, to meeting certain educational and civil requirements, and also satisfaction of many serious claims of a Muslim community.
In 1954 in rukovodimom Messali Hadzhem MTLD there was a split on three fractions. One of them led by Messali supported refusal of any cooperation with France, the second was ready to co-operate with Frenchmen in municipal and other bodies, the third called for the armed struggle and creation of the new union. On the night of November, 1st 1954 around Batna and more than in 30 settlements in Konstantin's department members of the third grouping realised idea of armed resistance, having begun with attacks on police posts, post offices, etc. By the spring 1956 movement has involved in the numbers almost all political leaders of Algeria, except Messali Hadzha, and also a considerable part of youth that has provided to it broad support among the population. Under the control of the risen there were extensive rural areas, the population created special funds for support of fighters for freedom.
On May, 13th 1958 military top of the French army in Algeria together with European poselentsami has lifted mutiny, being afraid, that the new prime minister will go on negotiations with FNO. Their combined efforts have led to liquidation of the Fourth republic and returning to the power of general Charles de Gaulle. To 1959 Paris has made new steps to the Algerian policy: it was offered to leaders of national movement to be defined of the possible status of the country. It was a question or of integration with France, either about an autonomy, or about branch; in the latter case preservation of the French control over desert Sahara and division of other part of Algeria by an ethnic principle was provided. In the meantime FNO at support of the governments of Morocco and Tunis has formed in emigration provisional government of the Algerian Republic (VPAR). The new government has supported a principle of self-determination and has declared readiness to discuss a cease-fire condition provided that corresponding guarantees for originally free national will will be developed.
To 1954–1961 Algeria has been cut off both from Morocco, and from Tunis by a double number of wire entanglements along each border with a prohibited zone between the numbers, carefully supervised by the French sentry dresses. The line of the Mediterranean coast was patrolled by the French military ships, and the territory of Sahara was supervised from air. About 150 thousand Moslems served in accessories of the French army and in groups of rural self-defence.
To the beginning 1960 during operations it has been killed at least 100 thousand fighters of the Algerian resistance and apprx. 10 thousand French military men. In camps of refugees in territory of Morocco and Tunis was 150 thousand Algerians, approximately 1,1 million persons were dishomed. Only from the middle 1961 hopes of the peace decision of the Algerian question began to appear. A number of reciprocal concessions during taken place 1962 in the French city of Evian-le-Bene of negotiations between FNO and France has led on March, 18th to the termination of military actions. Eviansky agreements provided creation of the time executive office consisting of Algerians and Frenchmen and the Supreme commissioner of France, referendum carrying out of self-determination of Algeria, elections of the government of the country and a conclusion within three years of the French armies; Preservation of the French citizenship for natives of France who within three years will have a dual citizenship and proportional representation in all Algerian legislature; participation of Algeria in a franc zone, preferentsii in trade with France provided that they will not limit independence of Algeria, and joint, under the sovereignty of Algeria, use of desert of Sahara; the right of France to rent of military bases for a period of 15 years and carrying out of nuclear tests in Sahara for a period of 5 years.
The period of independent development Eviansky agreements have put an end to the fierce armed struggle proceeding throughout seven and a half years. After their signing the Confidential military organisation (OAS), created it is extremist poselentsami and dissatisfied military men, has made last attempt to break declaration of independence to Algeria, but has failed. During 1962 referenda which have taken place on July, 1st of self-determination of 91 % of Algerians have supported independence. On July, 3rd 1962 Algeria became the independent state.
The power from the French administration has passed to a time executive office led by Abd ar-Rahmanom Faresom. At the moment of reception of independence by prime minister VPAR was JUsef ben Hedda. Any of these governments did not possess the sufficient power for the control over a situation in the country. Imperious powers Ben Heddy were challenged by more radical wing FNO led by Ahmed Ben Belloj on which party colonel Huari Bumeden has acted. Meanwhile during 1962 850 thousand European poselentsev have left Algeria. After departure European poselentsev considerable ground files remained ownerless, and in the beginning 1963 apprx. 2 million in hectares has passed to the peasants, which steels to create committees on management of the earth.
Ben Bell has quickly achieved the control over party, army both the mass working and student's organisations. At the session which has taken place in September of National national meeting Farhat Abbas Ben Bell – the prime minister of the government has been selected by its president, and. The Minister of Defence became Huari Bumeden. In 1963 the new constitution according to which Algeria became presidential republic has been accepted. In September 1963 Ben Bell has been selected by the first president of the country. Before the new government there were many problems. In 1963 there was a confrontation on the alzhiro-Moroccan border, mutiny in Kabilii has flashed. In August of 1963 adhering liberal belief Farhat Abbas has declared, that the new constitution nedemokratichna and has sent in the resignation from a post of the president of National meeting. In April 1964 congress of party in power which has confirmed Ben Bell's powers has taken place. The same year in Kabilii there was a mutiny. By order of the president the army has suppressed these performances and has arrested a number of heads of opposition, but amplifying draught Ben Bells to an establishment of a mode of the personal power and its attempt to put army under own control have pushed away from it many of the former supporters. During bloodless revolution in June 1965 which has headed Bumeden, Ben Bell has been displaced from all occupied posts. According to instructions of new president Bumedena the Revolutionary council consisting of the higher officers of the Algerian army has been created. Algeria still existed at the expense of annual grants of France and the help of other countries, including loans of the USSR and the Peoples Republic of China and deliveries of the foodstuffs from the USA. After independence reception one sector of economy – oil extracting around Sahara continued to function only. According to the agreement reached in 1965 between Algeria and France, to Algeria higher receipts have been guaranteed against oil and gas export, and also granting to it the financial help at a rate of 400 mln. dollars for realisation of plans for development the next five years. In the country requirements to nationalise the private oil companies belonging mainly to the French capital accrued.
To 1969 Algeria became a member the Organizations of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and has played the important role in quadruple increase of the prices for oil in 1973–1974 and an establishment of embargo on sale of oil to Israel. In 1970th years the state receipts of Algeria from sale of oil and natural gas have sharply increased. Mode Bumedena took steps towards reforming of agriculture, development of industrial production and the decision of a problem of unemployment. Nevertheless the national economy remained in strong dependence on oil and gas sector. At congress FNO by successor Bumedena (mind. 1978) on posts of the president and the secretary general of party has been selected fulfilling duties of Minister of Defence Shadli Bendzhedid. In 1979 for the purpose of reduction of concentration of the power in hands of the president amendments have been made to the constitution.
To 1980–1981 Algeria promoted carrying out of negotiations about clearing of 52 American hostages grasped by Iran in November 1979. In 1986 there was a positive shift in relations to Libya, and in 1988 long dispute from Morocco of Western Sahara has ended. Until then Algeria supported to the guerrillas opposing joinings to Morocco of this former Spanish colony. Improvement of relations between the next states has created conditions for declaration of the Union of the Arabian Maghrib, the organisation which serves strengthening political and economic relations of the North African states (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunis).
In 1980 Algerian economy began to worry serious difficulties. Falling of the prices for oil and the gas, which export gave 98 % of currency receipts, has led to social and economic and financial shocks. Sharp deterioration of position of various strata of society has called mass antigovernmental performances. In October 1985 excitements in centre Kabilii of Tizi-Ouzou where there has passed the powerful strike organised by Co-ordinating committee of lyceum students, students and workers have flashed. In October of 1988 armies have shot a manifestation of protest against increase of the prices in capital; were lost more than 500 persons. The Algerian authorities have tried to solve economic problems by means of the international financial institutions, wide privatisation of the enterprises of public sector and agriculture. But these measures called still bolshee deterioration of position of poor levels of population. The government of Algeria has been compelled to go for carrying out of multi-party elections. The growing public discontent has gone on advantage to radical forces of Islamic fundamentalism. In June 1990 IFS has won elections in local authorities in 32 of 48 provinces of the country. The country was overflowed by a wave of collisions that has induced president Bendzhedida to enter in June 1991 state of emergency which operated till the end of September; for this period of 55 persons were lost, 326 have been wounded, about 3 thousand are arrested, including a number of leaders IFS.
In December 1991 IFS has won on the first round of parliamentary elections. After that military command has forced president Bendzhedida to retire, has cancelled results of the first round of elections and carrying out of the second. The time management of Algeria was headed by Mohammed Budiaf. IFS has responded to revolution by mass protests in which course nearby 40 persons have been killed. On February, 9th 1992 government has entered state of emergency, and on March, 4th declared dissolution and interdiction IFS. About 7 thousand Islamites have been arrested. The authorities have dismissed local authorities in which Islamites prevailed. However by June more than two and a half thousand interned left again on freedom. But leaders IFS Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadzh have been accused of high treason and sentenced to 12 years of imprisonment everyone. The authorities have toughened press censorship.
The gone underground Islamic radicals have developed the armed insurgent struggle against army and forces of safety. During an antagonism both parties resorted to mass infringement of human rights, punishments of civilians, murders and executions of the disloyal. For the next years as a result of civil war were lost from 100 to 200 thousand Algerians. On June, 29th 1992 head of the state Budiaf has fallen a victim of attempt, it was replaced by former diplomat Ali Kafi. In attempt to cope with a wave of Islamic violence Kafi has installed special laws on struggle against terrorism, has expanded powers of police and has entered a curfew. Courts took out death sentences to members and supporters IFS (214 since February 1992 till February 1993). But attempts proceeded: in August 1993 fundamentalists have killed the supporter of irreconcilable opposition, former prime minister Kasbi Merbaha. They finished also with representatives of secular intelligency, women, journalists, foreigners.
In January 1994 post of the president of Algeria was occupied with general Lamin Zerual, promised to search for the political decision of the conflict to Islamites. Within the limits of a course on «national reconciliation» the authorities have released about 900 fundamentalists and have invited opposition parties FNO, the Front of socialist forces and Association for culture and democracy to take part in 1994 National transitive council formed in May. The government has set free two leaders IFS that was a preliminary condition of Islamites for negotiating between the power and opposition. In August – September 1994 Algerian management managed to renew «national dialogue» about the termination of civil war with five legal opposition parties. However negotiations with IFS in October have failed, as generals have rejected its requirement about the announcement of general amnesty and granting to it of posts of Ministers of Defence and internal affairs. On the contrary, IFS has agreed with FNO and Front of socialist forces in January 1995 about the joint Program of the political and peace decision of the Algerian crisis. The opposition has demanded carrying out of national conference of all "representative" political forces and democracy restoration. The government has rejected these offers. New negotiations between representatives of the authorities and IFS in April – July 1995 have ended with failure also.
Despite a new wave of terror, general Zerual has gone on carrying out of presidential elections in November 1995, considering their success as the proof of durability of the positions and stability of the power. Despite threats IFS, in elections, on official data, has taken part more than 72 % of the population. Zerual has been selected by the president, having collected 61 % of voices and far having outstripped the contenders – the moderate Islamite of sheikh Mahfuda Nahnaha from Movement for an Islamic society "Hamas" (25,6 %), the representative berberskogo Societies for culture and democracy Saida Saadi (9,6 %) and the candidate of small Liberal party of Algerian updating Nureddina Bukrusha (3,8 %). Entering on a presidential post, Zerual has released some hundreds concluded Islamites.
In January 1996 the government with participation of members "Hamas" and Parties of the Algerian updating, and also former visible member IFS has been generated. FNO and Front of socialist forces also have declared that leave opposition camp. All it has allowed president Zerualju to strengthen the positions and to declare in March 1996 renewal of "national dialogue». Conference on national reconciliation has begun in August of the same year, but without participation IFS and berberskih parties FSS and OKD. However, despite the boycott declared by them, the country population in November 1996 has voted for the project of the new constitution offered by the president.
In January 1997 conference of the Algerian opposition parties which passed in the Spanish capital, has called again for the peace decision of the conflict, and IFS declared full refusal of terrorist strategy (radical Islamic groupings have rejected this announcement). But Zerualju it was possible to integrate the majority of parties of opposition into new political system and to achieve isolation IFS. Berbersky parties and moderate Islamites have taken part in parliamentary elections in June 1997 then prime minister Ahmed Ujahja has generated the new government with participation of presidential party NDO, FNO and Movements of a society of the world. The office has declared the intention to spend economic reforms, including privatisation of the state enterprises. Ujahja, the holding post of the head of the government in 1995–1998, has achieved decrease in inflation and renewal of economic growth, however it has been reached by closing of the big number of the enterprises, increase in unemployment to 30 % and toughening of social intensity. The opposition and trade unions have accused the prime minister of destruction of half of workplaces in the state industry. Between 1991 and 1999 purchasing capacity of Algerians it was reduced to 60 % In July of 1997 power have released one of leaders IFS Abdelkadera Hashani; chairman IFS Abbasi Madani has been translated under house arrest. But armed conflicts with forces of radical fundamentalists proceeded.
Successes Zerualja have appeared unstable. In 1998 in the Algerian military-political management disagreements have amplified. Military men demanded from the president to refuse concessions, to stop negotiations with IFS and to pass to resolute destruction of Islamites. In the autumn 1998 Zerual declared that he ahead of schedule retires. On presidential elections in January as 1999 candidate from ruling camp (FNO and fractions NDO) former Minister for Foreign Affairs Abdelaziz Buteflika acted. The opposition has put forward own candidates, but all of them on the eve of elections have removed the nominees, having accused the authorities in falsification preparation. Nevertheless, election Butefliki has taken place, despite protests of opposition parties and the organisations; performances of their supporters have been dispersed. The new president has promised to continue process of national reconciliation, has spent through parliament the law on amnesty which provided softening of punishment for 2300 fundamentalists, and also has pardoned about 5 thousand Islamites. He has promised even to resolve reorganisation IFS. In June the radical Islamic salvation army has declared the termination of operations and samoraspustilas. The general provisions in the country have considerably improved. But other organisation – the Armed Islamic group has responded to it «an intensification of sacred war»; its member has killed the leader of moderate wing IFS Hashani. As a result of Buteflika has been compelled to concede again to pressure of a military management, and since December 1999 army made active the actions against fundamentalists. In spite of the fact that in June 2000 president declared a military victory over terrorism, this declaration is still far from a reality.
Buteflika has managed for some time to achieve consolidation of the mode. The new government generated in December 1999 (the prime minister – Ahmed Benbitur, since August 2000 – Ali Benflis), included representatives of seven parliamentary parties (except for FSS).
The heavy social status in the country has called in 2001 sharp crisis which has especially strongly affected in the field of Kabilija. Punishment of gendarmes over berberskimi schoolboys in April 2001 then on all region mass demonstrations of studying and jobless youth which smashed police stations and official establishments have swept became an occasion to a new wave of protests, assorted the goods from department stores. At suppression of these performances it has been killed not less than 100 persons («black spring»). Since then in Kabilii there is an incessant campaign of general civil disobedience: inhabitants block police stations, boycott the authorities and create own structures of self-management – general meetings of tribal communities ("aarsh") and their territorial associations (up to Co-ordinating committee "aarsh", districts and communities). Participants of protests demand punishment guilty of punishments over demonstrators, a conclusion of military-police forces from area, equality berberskogo language and culture, guarantees of the social and economic and political rights, overcoming of corruption and payment of the unemployment benefit at a rate of 50 % of wages. Movement declares the full independence of all political parties, rejects islamizm and refuses negotiations with the authorities while those will not accept a package of its requirements. "Aarsh" deny, that their performances carry purely regional, berbersky character and aspire to extend them all over the country (in the summer 2001 in country capital there were similar mass demonstrations in which, by different calculations, have accepted a fate from 500 thousand to 2 million persons). However a movement stronghold remains Kabilija where in 2002 "aarsh" have achieved almost full boycott of elections in National meeting of Algeria.
