History of Iran often divide into two periods: domusulmansky and Muslim. Islamizatsija the Iranian company has led to fundamental changes of its cultural, social and political structure. However and after Islam acceptance former cultural wealth has not disappeared at all. Moreover, they have made strong impact on new culture arising in the country which some scientists name Iranian Islam. In modern Iran many are saved domusulmanskie traditions and ceremonies. Throughout 16 centuries after an arabo-Islamic gain attempts to revive ancient traditions were repeatedly undertaken. Last from such attempts it has been undertaken in board of dynasty Pehlevi.
Midjane and Persians. The history of the Iranian statehood can be begun with Kira II, the founder of dynasty Ahemenidov (550–330 B.C.) which the first has united two largest indo-Iranian breeding unions – midjan and Persians. Still earlier, before occurrence of the Persian state, midjane, Ecbatana possessed in vicinities of modern Hamadan was whose capital, have reached a political organisation high level, having thrown down to a challenge to assyrians and in 612 B.C. having seized capital of Ancient Assyria Nineviju.
Expansion of the Persian kingdom has begun at Kire II which, according to a legend retold by Greek historian Ksenofontom, was also the grandson of the tsar of the Mussel on a parent line, and has proceeded at its successors, especially at Darii I. In the best power of the state of its border were stretched to Asia Minor, the Central Asia, Egypt and a valley of Indus. To the major historical and archaeological monuments of epoch Ahemenidov ruins of their capital of Persepolis, or as it Iranians name, Tehte-Dzhemshida belong; tomb Kira II in Pasargadae and Behistunsky inscription Darija cut on a rock I. Persepolis has been burnt by Alexander the Great after conquest of Iran by it, that has put an end to the state Ahemenidov.
A number of historians believes, that drevnepersidsky prophet Zaratushtra lived and preached in initial years of board of dynasty Ahemenidov. Strong influence on Ahemenidov, subdued people widely using talents, was rendered by advanced culture of Mesopotamia. Thus Ahemenidy have introduced also own significant investment in development of a civilisation of the extensive region stretched from India to Egypt. Ahemenidy the first have developed the concept of the world government and the world state. Written certificates of epoch Ahemenidov practically were not saved, as Alexander the Great has ordered to translate all Iranian products on Greek and koptsky languages and to destroy first copies, including Avestu, the sacred book zoroastrijtsev.
Ellinistichesky and parfjansky the periods. After destruction of the state Ahemenidov in 330 B.C. and before state Sasanidov creation (the Novopersidsky kingdom) during 224 our era the country worried a decadent stage, and its culture degraded.
Since time of gains of Alexander the Great and before education of Parthia (248 B.C.) Iran was under the power of Greek dynasty Selevkidov and was a part of the state with the same name. At that time the Greek language and culture have extended across all Iran and have got into the upper class of the Iranian company. Immigrants from Ellady, in turn, have tested influence of the Iranian culture though it occurred only in those areas where there were no large and self-sufficient communities of Greeks. avtohtonnaja the culture in the purest kind was saved in the south in province Parsa, state Ahemenidov heart.
After Greeks the power over Iran has passed to parfjanam, and the country was a part of Parthia. Parfjansky tsars belonged to dynasty Arshakidov, declared descendants Ahemenidov. Undoubtedly, Arshakidy were under strong influence of the Greek culture. At the same time Arshakidy promoted clearing of Iran of the power of Greeks and have protected the country from attacks of nomads from the east and intrusion of Romans.
With Arshakidami connect creation of the Iranian national epos and set of heroic plots and characters, for example Rustema which is considered Iranian analogue Gerakla. During a Muslim epoch the Persian poet Firdousi has reflected these legends in poem SHahname (the Book about tsars). Nevertheless among Iranians Arshakidy do not use such respect and love, as Ahemenidy and Sasanidy; even Firdousi responded about them with neglect.
In the political plan in parfjansky the period there was a feudalism strengthening that has led to easing of power and, in long run, to military defeats and coming to power Sasanidov.
The state Sasanidov. Most full drevneiranskaja the culture was saved in province Parsa. At Arshakidah when Parsoj various small princes operated, there was a strengthening of its feudal dissociation. In one of princedoms, Stahre (Istahre), house Bezrendzhi corrected. As a priest the representative of a noble family married on knjazhne from house Bezrendzhi served in temple Anahity in Stahre Sasan. To it son Papak using the position for an eminence of son Ardashira who became the founder of dynasty Sasanidov inherited. It has occurred between 224 and 226 our era after tsar Artaban V has been crushed last parfjansky. Apparently, Ardashiru I it was possible to restore ancient borders of Iran, but real expansion of power has begun at its lineal heir Shapure I when state boundaries have promoted to the western areas of China and switched on also Transcaucasia and Punjab. SHapur I struggled with Romans, and it even managed to captivate Roman emperor Valeriana. Since then Sasanidy waged constant wars with Rome, and then and with Byzantium.
At Sasanidah in Iran have received development of a city and the central power has become stronger. Then there was an official religion – zoroastrizm, the four-stage system of administrative division, company stratification on four estates has affirmed. The Christianity against which, however, has acted zoroastrijskoe zhrechestvo has got into epoch Sasanidov to Iran, and there were such oppositional religious movements, as manihejstvo and mazdakizm.
The most known shah of dynasty Sasanidov was Hosrov I Anushirvan (letters. «With immortal soul»; years of board 531–579), whose glory was saved throughout many centuries after state Sasanidov falling. Hosrov I was the great reformer and showed the big interest to a science and philosophy, and in such degree, that many ancient not Iranian sources compared it with platonovskim "tsar-philosopher".
Continuous wars with Rome have sown seeds of subsequent decline Sasanidov. The first large fight has been lost Arabs in 641. With death Jezdegerda III, last from Sasanidov, the first stage of history of Iran has ended.
The first large fight has been lost Arabs at Kadissii in 637. With destruction in Khurasan in 651 Jezdegerda III, last from Sasanidov, the pre-Islamic period of history of Iran has ended.
Local dynasties and the Persian revival. In process of expansion Arabian halifata the centre control (Damascus at Omejjadah and Bagdad at Abbasidah) over provinces weakened, that promoted occurrence of local dynasties in Iran. First such dynasty – Tahiridov – rules in Khurasan between 821 and 873. It have replaced Saffaridy which in second half of 9 centuries dominated in territory of Khurasan, Herat and southern Iran. In the end of 9 centuries a throne have seized Samanidy, ranking to descendants parfjanskogo military leader Bahrama Chubina. This dynasty kept a throne more half a century, having extended the power from east suburbs of plateau of Iran almost to a ridge Zagros mountains and Aral sea. At Nasr ibn Ahmed in the state with the centre in Bukhara of veins such known poet, as Rudaki also created.
All these dynasties came to power same by: their founders were vassals or the deputies seizing a throne as a result of armed rebellion against sjuzerenov. Later in territory of Iran two more correcting sorts co-existed. Zijaridy in second half 10 century
Supervised coast of Caspian sea and have become famous as patrons of the literature and art. It is most known Unsur al-Maali (Kej Kavus), the author of book Kabus-name – meetings of moralizing parables. The gravestone monument to its grandfather Kabusu ibn Vashmgiru, arabojazychnomu to the writer, executed in the form of a 49-metre brick column, is erected in 1007 and till now was saved at southeast coast of Caspian sea. During board Zijaridov the philosopher, the doctor, the musician, and one of founders of modern Persian literature Dakiki have become famous Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avitsenna).
In the central Iran in 10 centuries monarchs of dynasty Buidov corrected. They have won Hamadan, Yards, Isfahan, Kerman, Khuzistan, the Farce and Bagdad though continued to recognise the spiritual power of Caliph Abbasidov. Buidy which were shiitami, the first have entered custom to mark mourning memory of the third shiitskogo imam Hussein ibn Ali, killed in 680 our era
Dynasties Gaznevidov and Seldzhukidov. In 8 centuries to plateau of Iran nomadic Turkic tribes got. After transition to a settled way of life they qualifid as influence of irano-Islamic culture, and imperial court yard created on sample Sasanidov. One of breeding leaders, Alp-Tegin, serving Samanidam, in 962 became the master of the state with capital Ghazni and has based dynasty Gaznevidov which corrected throughout more than 100 years. Mahmud Gaznevi (998–1030), has gained set of military victories in India and has collected rich trophies. Under its vigilant control there was an extensive territory from India to Mesopotamia. At court yard Gaznevidov the circle of poets and scientists in which number was Firdousi – the creator of known Iranian epos SHahname (the Book about tsars) was going to.
Mahmud has lodged in Khurasan a strong tribe tjurok-oguzov which has lifted subsequently revolt and has ruined power Gaznevidov. The leader oguzov Togrul-bek Seldzhuk has moved on the West, has taken Bagdad and has received a sultan title then declared capital of Yards from hands of the Caliph and has begun dynasty Seldzhukidov. The last steels devout Moslems also have subordinated to themselves local hereditary governors, however have been for many years compelled to wage infinite wars for preservation and consolidation of the predominating position. Two most known monarchs from this dynasty were Alp-Arslan (years of board 1063–1072) and Melik-shah (years of board 1072–1092). As the vizier (the main minister) at them the author of the immortal treatise the Book about board served Bottoms al-Mulk. At Seldzhukidah the architecture has blossomed, hundreds mosques, medrese, palaces and public buildings have been erected. At this time lived and created the Lobster Khayyam, Mohammed Gazali, Farid-hells-dynes Attar. Being orthodox sunnitami, sultans carried out reprisals against shiitov, and also against followers Hasana ibn Sabbaha, known as "assasiny".
At the same time reign Seldzhukidov was accompanied by constant revolts in provinces and intrusions of other Turkic tribes which were moving ahead on the West. In the end of the first quarter of 12 centuries the state created Togrul-bekom, has started to break up. In the extreme northeast the deputies of the Khoresm who has based dynasty Horezmshahov have separated. Later one of branches of dynasty Seldzhukidov began to correct independently in Kerman, in the southeast of Iran.
The Mongolian domination. In Genghis Khan 1219 army has taken possession of Khoresm and has moved on the West, having seized and having plundered Bukhara, Samarkand, Balh, Merv and Nishapur. In 1256 grandson of the great conqueror the Hulagu-khan has intruded in Iran, and in 1258 has besieged and has taken by storm Bagdad, having destroyed thus Abbasidsky halifat. Having returned to northwest Iran, it has accepted a title ilhana and has begun dynasty Hulaguidov. All previous waves of the Mongolian invasion were accompanied by destruction of hundreds thousand inhabitants, destruction of many glorified cities and the vital irrigational systems. Having qualifid as influence of the new environment, the Hulagu-khan and its successors have accepted religion, a way of life and culture of Iran. The great-grandson of the founder of dynasty Mahmud the Gazan-khan (years of board 1295–1304) has selected a place of the rate Tabriz. His brother and successor Oldzhajtu Muhammad Hodabende has constructed new capital Soltanie. Items of Mongols weakened in process of activization of centrifugal forces. In areas to the West from Kerman the power have seized Mozafferidy (Muzaffaridy), and after death ilhana Abu Saida in 1335 and up to the end of century continuous struggle between several small dynasties and feudal governors was conducted. At ilhanah the literature, astronomy and medicine prospered. The writer and thinker Saadi from Shiraz and poet-sufy Dzhalaleddin Rumi at this time created.
As a result of long wars Timur (Tamerlanu) between 1380 and 1395 managed to seize all territory of plateau of Iran and to subdue the earths adjoining to Mediterranean sea. To its descendants among whom were SHahruh, Ulugbek and the Sultan-husejn, was possible to save the state Timuridov approximately to 1506 when it has qualifid as the power of Uzbek dynasty SHejbanidov. The basic centres of culture at 14-15 centuries were Samarkand and Herat. Has received popularity geratskaja the school of the miniature which have developed around Kamaleddina Behzada. In Herat created Abdurrahman Dzhami, and in Shiraz – SHamseddin Hafiz.
Dynasty Sefevidov. Throughout only 15 centuries in northwest Iran childbirth struggling among themselves tjurok-oguzov from tribes a penalty-kojunlu («black rams») and ak-kojunlu («white rams») corrected. In 1502 Ismail I, the descendant of sheikh Sefi hell-dyne Ishaka from Ardebilja, living in board ilhanov and based award Sefevie, has rallied round itself seven Turkic tribes and has dethroned a dynasty from a tribe ak-kojunlu. Having accepted a title of the shah, Ismail became the first monarch from Azerbaijan dynasty Sefevidov. At its successors Iran has last time gone through the period of revival of military power, economic prosperity and national unity. However Sefevidy, despite the Iranian roots, were as a whole hardly tjurkizirovany and have made nothing for preservation drevneiranskih traditions. The second shah from dynasty Sefevidov Tahmasp I (years of board 1524–1576) has suffered a number of defeats from osmanskih armies and has transferred capital from Tabriz to Kazvin, far away from arena of operations.
Shah Abbas I (Great). In 1587 on a throne has ascended Abbas I. During its board (before its death in 1629) the state Sefevidov was powerful and prospering. In the east Uzbeks have been expelled from Khurasan. In the west osmanli Turks have been broken, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia are again subordinated. In 1636 Ottoman empire and Iran have concluded the agreement defining border which remained invariable up to 19 centuries
In 1598 shah Abbas I has translated the court yard to Isfahan and has started capital building. Creation of regular hired army guaranteed internal security, and the devotion of the monarch has led to that many maximum state posts have been taken by Muslim clerics. Accepting drastic measures for consolidation of the position, Abbas I has destroyed potential contenders from own environment. As a result of its successors – shahs Sefi I, Abbas II and Sulejman – have appeared incapable to fix the successes reached earlier. In board of the shah of Sultan Hussein (1694–1722) Afghani tribes gilzaev and abdali have lifted revolt and have proclaimed independence of Kandahar and Herat then have moved on the West and have besieged and have seized Isfahan. In 1722 Sultan Hussein recognised their leader of emir Mahmuda Hotaki as the governor, but neither to that, nor its successor Ashrafu did not manage to save integrity of the country. Soon Turks have seized northwest Iran, and Russia at Peter I – coast of Caspian sea.
The nadir-shah. In protection svergnutyh Sefevidov the representative of a Turkmen tribe afsharov from Khurasan, headed struggle against the Afghani aggressors has acted Nadir-kuli. In 1726 it it was possible to expel them from the main city of Horosana – Meshed. In 1730–1736 Nadir-kuli the Turk has performed successful military operations pritiv, aspiring to subdue Iran, and in 1736 usurped the imperial power under a name of the Nadir-shah and has based dynasty Afsharov. The nadir-shah has made a campaign to India, having seized treasures of Delhi, has broken Uzbeks on the earths to the north from Amu-Dari and has taken archipelago Bahrain in Persian gulf, but in 1747 as a result of military plot has been killed by one of the soldiers.
In 1760–1779 all southern Iran has appeared under the power of the founder of dynasty Zendov of the Kerim-khan. Correcting in Shiraz, he declared itself(himself) the applicant for throne Sefevidov. Dynasty Zendov has terminated the existence after defeat from a Turkic tribe kadzharov. Their leader Aga Mohammed-khan managed to win by degrees all territory of plateau of Iran, and in 1796, one year prior to the destruction in a fighting campaign, it has been proclaimed by the shah.
Dynasty Kadzharov. After Aga Mohammed-khan and up to 1925 when dynasty Kadzharov has been deposed, corrected the Feth-ali-shah (years of board 1797–1834), Mohammed-shah (1834–1848), Nasr-ed-dynes-shahs (1848–1896), Mozaffer-ed-dynes-shahs (1896–1907), Mohammed-ali-shah (1907–1909) and Ahmed-shah (1909–1925). Because of inability Kadzharov to create the national army, the centralised machinery of state and a uniform levy machinery the power has appeared too weak to resist to imperial aspirations of the Great Britain and Russia. In the beginning of 19 centuries Iran has lost the Caucasian provinces (territories of modern Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia), departed to Russia after long wars 1804–1813 and 1824–1828. In second half of 19 centuries Afghanistan and Turkestan which was in sphere of the Iranian interests, have appeared under the control according to the Great Britain and Russia. Thus Iran became arena of the Russian-British rivalry.
In dynasty Kadzharov (1796–1925) attempts of upgrade of the government and economic structure were repeatedly undertaken. Reformatory activity of the Tagi-khan or Amir Kebira (1808–1852) who became the first vezirem and the commander-in-chief of the shah who has come to the throne Nasr-ed-dynes is most known. Amir Kebir has mortgaged bases of a modern mechanism of the government, a standing army, pursued a policy of encouragement of local business, has based the first school of the European type – Gift-ol-fonum and has directed students for training abroad. However with reforms Emir Nezama the clergy and some feudal lords were dissatisfied. On false navetu he has been accused of change to the shah and by order of the last is banished, and then in 1852 is killed. Iran from second half of 19 centuries becomes object of expansion of the Russian and English capital. The basic form of penetration of the foreign capital to Iran concession steels. Issue of some, infringing on interests of the local capital, was accompanied by mass discontent. Movement for cancellation of tobacco monopoly 1891 in which result this concession has been cancelled became the first wide oppositional movement directed against the foreign capital. Rivalry of Russia and the Great Britain has helped Iran to save the political sovereignty though it has actually been transformed into a semicolony and has been divided into influence zones. Murder in 1896 became discontent reflexion shahskoj a policy. Naser-ed-dynes of the shah. Since 1905 on the country the wave of the protest in the form of mass demonstrations and the strikes which have paralysed activity of administrative bodies and an economic life of the country has swept. Under the influence to Russian revolution of 1905 one of the movement main tasks there was a constitution request. As a result of Mozaffer-ed-dynes-shahs (1896–1907) has been compelled in 1906 to agree to accept the constitution and to call medzhlis (parliament). Thus the power of the shah has been limited, and medzhlis is allocated by authorities to confirm laws, the budget, agreements with foreign states. His son Mohammed-ali-shah (1907–1909) has made attempt of restoration of the power of the shah, but has not succeeded and as a result approaches to Teheran of groups of revolutionary insurgents have been displaced from a throne which was taken by its juvenile son Ahmed-shah (1909–1925). The last governor of dynasty Kadzharov has reconciled to a role of a constitutional monarch and avoided conflicts with medzhlisom. In December 1911 Iranian police at support of the Russian imperial army and English armed forces has made counter-revolutionary coup and has dismissed medzhlis. Thus the Iranian revolutionary movement has been suppressed and its many achievements are abolished.
After a number of the strikes which have actually paralysed administrative structures and an economic life of the country, Mozaffar-ed-dynes-shahs has agreed to accept the constitution and to create a representative meeting – medzhlis. His son Mohammad Ali-shah has made attempt to refuse from reached before arrangements, but has been displaced from a throne which was taken by its juvenile son Ahmed-shah. The last governor from dynasty Kadzharov has reconciled to a role of a constitutional monarch and avoided conflicts with medzhlisom.
The Great Britain and Russia have opposed the constitutional mode. In 1907 them the agreement according to which Iran has been actually divided into influence zones has been signed: the Great Britain has expressed readiness to consider northern Iran a zone of exclusive influence of Russia, and Russia recognised the British claims for southern Iran; the central part of the country the neutral zone role was taken away.
The First World War in which the Great Britain and Russia have appeared allies in struggle against Germany and Ottoman empire, has aggravated foreign policy problems of Iran. Iran declared a neutrality, but the Russian armies have taken northern part of the country and participated in fights in the Iranian territory with Turkish army whereas the British armies in the south used Iran as base for an attack and grab osmanskoj provinces Iraq. Deputies medzhlisa have been compelled to run from Teheran to avoid arrest by Englishmen and Russian. Revolution 1917 to Russia and education of the USSR in 1922 have eliminated for a while the danger proceeding from the north, but have not eliminated accruing political chaos in the country. In 1919 Great Britain has tried, the truth in vain to establish the protectorate over Iran, and in 1921 has supported the revolution, the adjusted politician and journalist Seid of Zija-ed-dynes Tabatabai was one of which organizers probritanski.
Dynasty Pehlevi. One of participants of revolution 1921 was the Reza-khan, the commander of elite cavalry team, unique real oppositional military force in the country. To 1925 have been liquidated dissenting and secession movements in provinces and the national army is reorganised.
Republic declaration was the initial purpose of the Reza-khan, but its plans have encountered resistance from the party shiitskogo clergy who was afraid, that the republican authorities will establish a secular mode. Nevertheless the Reza-khan managed to convince a religious management and medzhlis to depose the Kadzharsky dynasty and to proclaim its first shah of a new dynasty – Pehlevi.
Reza-shah Pehlevi (years of board 1925–1941) has supported the industrialisation program, having carried out direct public investments in industrial production and having granted various dividend credits to private investors. Programs of building of highways, ports and the nation-wide railway system which creation was financed at the expense of the means collected by means of the special tax to tea and sugar have been developed. At the Reza-shah the big means were allocated for new Iranian army, the general compulsory military service for men for a period of two years has been established.
In the international relations the Reza-shah has gone on rapprochement with Germany, France and the USA. Close connections with Hitlerite Germany became the reason of friction with the Great Britain when in Europe the Second World War and after in 1941 Great Britain and the USSR had appeared allies has begun, they have directed Iran the ultimatum with a request to send from the country of German experts. When the shah has delayed with the answer, both powers occupied Iran, having suppressed resistance of the Iranian army. The Reza-shah has been compelled to abdicate and sent in the South African Union under supervision of the English authorities. With the consent of the Great Britain and the USSR a throne the son of former monarch Mohammed Reza Pehlevi (has taken years of board 1941–1979). Occupation of Iran proceeded to 1946, ensuring safety of movement on the Transiranian railway which connected ports of Persian gulf with roads of the Soviet caucasus. To 1942 USA have sent to Iran the 30-thousand case protection of transport ways was which primary goal.
After the end of war the Soviet armies remained in a province Azerbaijan where, as well as in the Iranian Kurdistan, the Promoscow puppet government has been generated.
During the Second World War political conditions in Iran remained stable. With the termination of board of the Reza-shah medzhlis again has turned to an independent source of the power. The numerous political groups reflecting interests of various forces have been created. Marxist consignment Tude was one of the most authoritative. Its tactics of mobilisation of the population on meetings and demonstrations, an active search of political partners, the edition of own newspaper have been by degrees adopted by other political parties.
In a postwar period in Iran the lifting of national movement connected with struggle for nationalisation of a petroleum industry has begun.
At the head of movement there was a National Front led by Mohammad Mossadekom, selected the prime minister of the country. Accepted medzhlisom the certificate about nationalisation of a petroleum industry (1951) has been apprehended. The Great Britain as dangerous precedent, has been organised by it the international boycott of the Iranian petroleum. In August 1953 as a result of the military coup d'etat arranged by means of the USA the cabinet has been discharged of the power, Mosaddek has been seized, the left Iran the shah has returned to the country. The International Petroleum consortium which included the largest petroleum companies of the USA, England has been formed. After revolution Iran has started to use actively American military and an eaid, and from the middle 50 to involve a foreign private fund for economic development.
In 60 a series economic and the social reforms which have received the name «white revolution» is spent, one of which mainstreams there was an agrarian reform. The large landowner landholding based on use izdolnoj of lease has been liquidated. Increasing yields from petroleum were used for industrialisation realisation, the state purchased the enterprises "on a turn-key basis", on the basis of use of foreign technologies there were new branches – petrochemistry, motor industry, home appliances production, metallurgy. The economic and social infrastructure was improved. Suffrages have been granted women, the program on liquidation of illiteracy among adult population has started to be realised, the minimum payment is entered, population social insurance is expanded. However upgrade of economic sphere was not accompanied political, the mode became more and more authoritative, oppositional moods severely choked. In foreign policy the shah, remaining the ally of the West, since the middle of 1960th years has tried to take of more independent item. The independent policy Mohammed Reza Pehlevi displeased the western partners, which steels to criticise it for an authoritative form of government, infringement of rights of the person and escalating of military power. The administration of president Carter which has come to power in the USA in 1977, has taken of the guarded item in the relation of the Iranian mode and began to come into contacts to the various oppositional groupings basing in the USA. From the beginning of 1960th years active sharing in antigovernmental performances accepted and shiitskoe clergy. One of its leaders, ajatolla Ruholla Musavi Khomeini, condemned in the sermons external and internal policy of the shah, including an agrarian reform and granting of suffrages to women. Khomeini's arrest in 1963 has provoked mass demonstrations in a number of cities. Subsequently Khomeini have been unbound, in 1964 is again seized, and then sent from the country. In 1965 government of Iraq has allowed Khomeini to lodge in the middle pilgrimage and education shiitov En-Nadzhafe. In exile ajatolla continued to keep in touch with the supporters in Iran and other countries. In 1965–1977 pupils Khomeini have made a basis organised antishahskoj oppositions. During same time other resisting authorities of force, including the Organization of Mojaheds of the Iranian people and the Organization fedaev the Iranian people, have developed underground struggle in cities and Palestinian liberation organisations and the USSR have got support of radical Arabian modes.
To 1978 government by means of confidential police it was possible to constrain activity of the various oppositional organisations and groups. During 1978 antishahskie demonstrations have captured all country. To a close of the year of strike of workers and students have paralysed economy. The army thrown on suppression of mass actions, has joined demonstrators. In January 1979 shah has left Iran, having departed in a voluntary exile. Two weeks later Khomeini has returned to the country. On February, 11th 1979 army declared the neutrality in relation to political strike of revolutionaries with a ruling mode that has predetermined destiny of a monarchy.
Islamic republic. Even before overthrow of a monarchy at the initiative of Khomeini the Islamic revolutionary advice which has incurred legislative functions, and Provisional government led by Mehdi Bazarganom, the party leader «Movement for freedom of Iran» have been generated. In two weeks after overthrow shahskogo a mode there is a Case of guards of the Islamic revolution, become by a counterbalance of army and military force of clergy against which it began to lean for a gradual gain of items in government structure.
The first step in this direction was the referendum in March 1979. On a referendum only one question has been born: whether «It agree replacement shahskoj monarchy Islamic republic?». On April, 1st 1979 Iran, according to results of a referendum, has been proclaimed by Islamic republic. In December on a general referendum the new constitution, supplied to clergy a country government and declared Khomeini lifelong fakihom (Chief) has been approved.
In November 1979 considerably adjusted Iranian students, naming themselves «followers of a policy of the imam», have seized embassy of the USA in Teheran and declared its employees hostages. Returning of the shah to Iran for the legend to its court was the purpose of extremists. In the answer of the USA have suspended import of the Iranian petroleum and have frozen the Iranian bills in banks america. Bazargan has retired, the prime minister after elections in medzhlis became Ali Radzhai. Despite death of the shah, hostages have not been released. В1980 at intermediary of Algeria and first president IRI Abolhasana Banisadr (it is selected in январе1980) the agreement on which Americans were released in exchange for defrosting of the Iranian assets has been developed. Agreement fulfilment was blocked by supporters of a rigid line who achieved defeat of J. Carter on presidential elections in the USA in November. Hostages have been released during Ronald Reagan's inauguration on January, 20th 1981.
1980 war which has begun in September with Iraq has aggravated contradictions between various political forces, especially concerning immediate inference of clergy in a country government. Line Banisadra on restriction of such interference was supported by the Organization of Mojaheds of the Iranian people (Modzhahedin Halk). After performance in June of 1981 Mojaheds medzhlis declared impeachment Banisadru. It has been displaced under Khomeini's instructions and ran from the country by means of Mojaheds. In July a new presidential election on which prime minister Radzhai has won have been held, and its place was taken by Mohammed Dzhavar Bahonar. In the end of August Radzhai and Bahonar have been killed as a result of bomb explosion, for which the government has assigned responsibility to Mojaheds. In October World Hosejn Musavi became the president hodzhat-ol-eslam Sejed Ali Hamenei, the prime minister. In August 1985 Hamenei has been re-elected on a post of the president. As the primary goal the government declared islamizatsiju companies and disposal of West influence. Thousand the Iranians who have received secular education, have emigrated to Turkey, Europe and the North America. Islamic norms were introduced into a life, during a social life, political system, in economy. The spent cultural revolution the primary goal put introduction of Islamic norms in education.
War proceeded within 8 years, not having brought a victory of any of the parties. Overall loss from destructions are evaluated in 300-350 billion dollars; objects of a petroleum industry in the south of the country were exposed to especially strong blows. During war Iran has been compelled to place 1,5 million immigrants from areas of operations. Besides, the same years in the country have found a shelter of 2,3 million refugees from Afghanistan.
To 1988 Iran has agreed on cease-fire, before the country there were problems of restoration of the destroyed economy. Disagreements concerning development ways again have inflamed. Played the role of the co-ordinator of all groupings of clergy the FEAST was it is dismissed (1987), for resolution of conflicts between medzhlisom and Khomeini's Supervisory board has agreed on creation of additional conciliatory body, at his life working out of the First five years' plan which has become by a legislative basis of new economic policy has begun. Iran began to undertake efforts on restoration of contacts to the countries of Persian gulf, first of all with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
Khomeini has died on June, 3rd 1989. On a post fakiha Advice of experts has selected its successor Hamenei. In July a new presidential election and a referendum under amendments to the constitution have been held, most important of which was cancellation of a post of the prime minister. By the president the speaker medzhlisa Ali Akbar Hashemi-Rafsandzhani has been selected. Government Rafsandzhani has started to pursue a policy of economic liberalisation, restriction of interference of the state in economy, has achieved from medzhlisa and the Supervisory board of the permission to use of the foreign capital. Liberalisation of the prices and the privatisation programme has resulted in the beginning 90 in a number of performances in country cities, but as a whole the economic program of the government has been supported, on elections in medzhlis, spent in the spring 1992, supporters Rafsandzhani have received more than 70 % of voices.
After the Iraq aggression against Kuwait in August 1990 Iraq has gone on the conclusion of the peace treaty with Iran, recognising its claims what restoration of bilateral diplomatic relations has followed. Iran has condemned intrusion into Kuwait and observed sanctions of the United Nations against Iraq, but at the same time has spoken against expansion of multinational forces led by the USA in a zone of Persian gulf and insisted on a conclusion from region of all foreign armies. In June 1991 USA have reinstated import of the Iranian petroleum, but have continued a rate on restriction of sales to Iran the new military engineering. Relations with the states of Persian gulf remained strained because of dispute concerning three islands in a gulf (Abu-Musa, Tombe-Bozorg and Tombe-small groups).
Economic liberalisation of company has strengthened requests on democratisation of a sociopolitical life, break in relations with the world community. Election on a post of the president in 1997 became result. hodzhat-ol-eslama Mohammed Khatami – the supporter of reforms and improvement of relations with the West. M.Hatami has put forward the concept of "dialogue of civilisations», consistently pursuing a policy of adjustment of relations of Iran with the world community. Politician Khatami who has become by the leader of reformatory forces, has found support among the country population, the majority of elite in medzhlis 6 convocation (in 2000) was made by reformers. In 2001 Khatamis again has been re-elected on a post of the president In Khatami's activity considerably the party life became more active, the press became more independent. The public life accepted more and more democratic and civilised forms. The European drawings more and more began to get into a life, labour ethics, culture, economic relations.
In the foreign policy Khatami's government adhered to the standard norms, concerning antiterrorist military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq has taken of a neutral item, but opposes stay of foreign armies in the countries next to it.
Nevertheless to achieve resolute crisis in increase of a standard of life of the population, in creation of originally civil company it was not possible Khatami's to government. The administration bills introduced by Khatami, called to change a parity of forces in favour of republican bodies, and have not been accepted because of an item of conservatives. Despite actual approval of actions of the USA in Afghanistan and Iraq, the American sanctions against Iran, entered in the mid-nineties, and have not been cancelled, that conservatives evaluated as miscalculations of foreign policy of the government of reformers. Already results of council election (2003) have shown falling of popularity of reformers, on elections in medzhlis 7 convocation (2004) was won by supporters of conservatives. In Iran struggle of various consignments and groupings concerning ways both political, and economic development proceeds. Of come to power in medzhlise neo-reformers declare one perspectivity for Iran to the Japanese model, others - to the Chinese model. Iran is during the critical period of historical development in which the main thing is not so much choice of economic model, how much an establishment of such parity of the secular and religious beginnings in political system of company which will supply possibility of full-scale upgrade of the country.
