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| The colonial period. Seychelles are opened in 1502 during Vasco da Gama second swimming to India. Certificates of their earlier visiting by the Arabian seafarers (tombs 910 centuries on an island the Silhouette, rock paintings on island Frigit (the Frigate)) were saved. The first of Europeans on archipelago Englishmen have landed: in 1609 it in detail surveyed and expedition of captain A.Sharpeja has described. In 1718 centuries of island served as a reliable and convenient refuge for pirates. After three expeditions of captain L.Piko on archipelago, in 1756 it is declared by possession of France. Ile-de-France (Mauritius) B.-F.Mae de Ljaburdonne is originally named by islands Lja-Burdonne in honour of the then governor of an island. In 1756 are renamed into islands Seshell (in honour of the Minister of Finance of France of viscount Moro de Seshellja). Archipelago development French poselentsami has begun in 1770. Colonists used work of the slaves imported from Madagascar and nevolnichih of the markets of east coast of Africa. After grab by Englishmen of an island (1810) islands in 1814 have passed Ile-de-France to the Great Britain which has entered a joint management of archipelago and Mauritius. After slavery cancellation in 1835 Englishmen began to encourage resettlement on islands of Arabs from Mauritius, and also the Indian dealers and wage and salary earners. The status of separate colony Sejshely have received in 1903. An economy basis there was an export kopry, guano and koritsy. Economic sluggishness has led to emigration of thousand sejsheltsev in the Arabian countries, Australia and the East African states. 2,8 thousand inhabitants Sejshel battled on fronts of the first and second world wars. The first political party, «the Incorporated consignment of the people of Seychelles» (OPNS) led by F.A.Rene is created in 1964. It put problems of achievement of independence and formation of the national government. « Democratic party Sejshel »(traffic police) headed in J. Menchemom, called for integration with mother country. The amplified strike movement on islands has compelled the Great Britain to enter into 1967 general suffrage and to allow creation of Legislative assembly (1970).
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| Territory of Arabian peninsula since the most ancient times (2 thousand B.C.) the nomadic Arabian tribes, naming occupied themselves "al-Arab (Arabs)". In 1 thousand B.C. in various parts of peninsula start to develop drevnearabskie the states Minejsky (to 650 B.C.), Sabejsky (apprx. 750115 B.C.), Himjaritsky kingdoms (apprx. 25 B.C. 577 our era). In 62 centuries B.C. in the north of Arabia there are slave states (the Nabatejsky kingdom which has become during 106 our era by the Roman province, etc.) . Development karavannoj trade between Southern Arabia and the states of the Mediterranean coast promoted development of such centres, as Makoraba (Mecca) and JAsrib (Medina). In 25 centuries on peninsula are extended a Judaism and Christianity. At coast of Persian gulf and Red sea, and also in Hijaz, Nadzhrane and Yemen there are religious communities of Christians and Jews. In the end of 5 century of our era in Nejd the union of the Arabian tribes led by tribe Kinda was generated. In further its influence has extended on a number of the next areas, switching on Hadramaut and east districts of Arabia. After union disintegration (529 our era) Mecca where during 570 our era prophet Mohammed was born became the major political centre of Arabia. During this period the country became object of struggle between the Ethiopian and Persian dynasties. In sulfurs. 6 century Arabs led by a tribe kurejshitov have managed to reflect an attack of the Ethiopian governors, trying to seize Mecca. In 7 century Our era in the western part of Arabian peninsula there was a new religion Islam, and the first Muslim theocratic state Arabian halifat with capital in Medina was formed. Under the guidance of Caliphs in the end of 7 century aggressive wars out of Arabian peninsula are developed. Capital moving halifatov from Medina at first to Damascus (661), and then to Bagdad (749) has led to that Arabia became okrainnoj area of the huge state. In 78 centuries the large part of territory of modern Saudi Arabia entered in halifat Omejjadov, in 89 centuries Abbasidov. With falling Abbasidsky halifata in territory of Arabian peninsula there was a set of fine independent state educations. Hijaz saving significance of the religious centre of Islam, in the end of 1012 centuries remained in vassal dependence from Fatimidov, in 1213 centuries Ajjubidov, and then mamljukov (with 1425). In 1517 Western Arabia, including Hijaz and Asir, have been subordinated Ottoman empire. In sulfurs. 16 century the power of Turkish sultans has extended on the Ale-hasu, area at coast of Persian gulf. Since this moment and till the end of the First World War the Western and East Arabia entered (with breaks) into structure of Ottoman empire. Considerably Nejd which population made beduiny and farmers of oases used larger independence. All this district represented a large quantity of fine feudal state educations with independent governors practically in each settlement and a city, constantly at enmity among themselves.
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| The colonial period. The history of settling of archipelago definitively is not studied. Portuguese seafarers Pedru Eskobar and ZHuan Gomesh became the first Europeans who have landed on islands (1470-1471). Development by Portugueses of island Dignity-volume (it is named in honour of sacred Volume) has begun in 1493, and islands Prinsipi (is named by name one of successors of the Portuguese throne) - with 1502. Colonists have mortgaged Dignity-volume and have attended to cultivation of the sugar cane delivered from island Madiera.
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| History. The most ancient period. The most ancient history of San Marino does not differ from history of the areas of Italy next to it. Ancient people have appeared on Apenninsky peninsula apprx. 500 thousand years ago. Approximately for 7-6 thousand years B.C. at the Adriatic coast agricultural settlements began to arise, and in 35002500 B.C. in Northern Italy there was a centre of metallurgy of a late bronze age. In 139 centuries B.C. this area was in a zone of dissemination of culture of "fields of funeral urns». The most ancient population has been superseded italijskimi by the tribes, one of which umbry has lodged to the east from Apenninsky mountains. Later in this district there were settlements etruskov. "Iron Age" has affirmed As northern Italy. In 5 century B.C. to the south from the river On the Celtic tribe senonov was settled. At last, in 3 century B.C. Umbrija it has been won by Romans and was a part of the Roman state. The Italian city of Ravenna possessed to the north was in 5 century Our era the last capital of the Western Roman empire.
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| On archaeological data, settling samoa has occurred more 2500 years ago. The first of Europeans Dutch seafarer Jacob Roggeven in 1722 has visited samoa. In 1768 at coast Samoa expedition of French seafarer L.A.Bugenvilja, and in 1787 Z.F.Laperuza's who has defined co-ordinates of many islands of archipelago expedition has visited. Close connections with an external world were established with arrival on islands of English missionaries in 1830. In 1839 on samoa the American expedition under the guidance of CHarlza Uilksa which has made detailed description of flora and fauna of islands worked. From second half 19 century confrontation between the USA, Germany and the Great Britain for domination over samoa has amplified. Contradictions were allowed in 1900 when in Berlin the archipelago has been divided into conferences of three powers on 171? z.d. On two parts. The USA annexed Eastern Samoa, and Germany a Western Samoa. On August, 29th 1914 New Zealand occupied the German possession, and on May, 1st 1929 has received the mandate of League of the nations on management of them.
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| Opening and colonial epoch. Expedition under supervision of Pedro de Alvarado, E.Kortesom sent from Mexico City, has reached in 1524 territories of present El Salvador. After a year Alvarado has seized capital of Indians Kuskatlan and has based there the city of San Salvador; to 1528 city has been transferred on 40 km to the southwest. In 1539 near to it the new city on that place where it is and now has been built. The present territory of El Salvador with 1560 was a part general Guatemala, and its history closely related with history of other Central America.
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| Historical roots and legends. Approximately for 10 centuries B.C. Semitic tribes from southern Arabia have landed at northeast coast of Africa and have based there the Aksumsky kingdom Ethiopia became which successor. They were fixed in the north of Ethiopian highlands and began to move ahead in a southern direction. The basic historical and archaeological sources concern the period from 150 B.C. till 600 our era In 4 century, in board of tsar Ezany, in Ethiopia the Christianity was accepted. The important role in Christianity diffusion Syrian monk Frumenty who has acquired popularity among novoobrashchennoj flocks has played and has been erected in an episcopal dignity by the then patriarch of Koptsky church in Alexandria Athanasius. Thereby the basis of dependence of the Ethiopian church from Koptsky church of Egypt has been mortgaged. In 451, during split of Christian church, on the Halkidonsky cathedral kopty have expressed in support monofizitskogo directions, and the same item was taken by representatives of the Ethiopian church.
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