Ten years ago, on November, 21 1995st year, on the American military-air base Right-Patterson (Dayton, the State of Ohio) it has been initialled, and on December, 14th in Paris the agreement which has put an end to the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina – to the most bloody and destructive of everything signed, that took place in Europe after the Second World War. However, all these conflicts occurred on the Balkans: Greece (1946-1949), Slovenia (1991) Croatia (1991-1995), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995), Kosovo (1998-1999), Macedonia (2001). "NG" offers the sight at a situation round Bosnia and Herzegovina on the threshold of, during time and after the war which have carried away lives from 120 to 200 thousand of Moslems, Serbs and Croats. In this article we consider the events connected with the beginning of disintegration SFRJU and to a siege of the Bosnian capital Sarajevo.
Welcome in a hell ten years later Today Sarajevo – a usual modern city and a little that reminds here of events of the beginning 90. Instead of ruins new houses, hotels, business centres, temples, shops of the most expensive firms have grown. The large destroyed objects almost does not remain (that you will not tell about a province). Apertures from bullets and shells by which for three and a half a year of a siege Sarajevo houses have been literally honeycombed, closed carefully up. Traces from mines on roads and sidewalks you will not make out, though somewhere else there is a faded red paint with which what for filled in funnels. Time erases red colour from sidewalks, but not from memory of people. To Sarajevo hardly probable there is a street not touched by war, in Bosnia hardly probable there is a family which has not suffered from war.
Ten years ago to pacify Bosnia has undertaken NATO, having accused the United Nations in lack of talent and having secured with its mandate. Under alliance command have been sent 60 thousand soldiers armed to teeth from the different countries of the world. Today ubiquitous once peacemakers and armored troop-carriers any more you will not meet. Them remains too little.
The world in Bosnia has managed to donors, by the most modest estimations, in five billions dollars. It has not brought to the small country (hardly more Switzerland) prosperity, but – that the truth the truth – here do not shoot any more. The statistics shows, that murders on ethnic soil have ceased. However it at all does not mean, that intercommunal split is overcome. However, would be naive to expect original reunion of company of all in ten years after slaughter. Yes it also is impossible without revision of some positions of the Constitution which are one of documents of Dayton peace agreements. The state and the power are split. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a unique state system: these are two territorial educations, actually existing independently from each other – the Bosnian (musulmano-Croatian) federation and the Serbian Republic. Management of educations is carried out by an ethnic principle. In the head of the state presidium from three persons (the Moslem, the Serb and the Croat), each of which spends own line. And at top – the High representative of the international community planted by the states-guarantors of peace agreements and allocated nadkonstitutsionnymi with authorities.
By an ethnic principle are divided, certainly, and forces with which help tops correct. In Bosnia and Herzegovina two armies – one on the basis of Muslim and Croatian formations, other – Serbian. Since January, 1 2006st of year Armed forces, according to spent reform, should become uniform. Where it is more difficult with police. On its reform will leave not less than three years. Now uniform structures are only the frontier service and the State agency of investigation and protection. The others 13 polices operate by a territorially-ethnic principle: 10 kantonalnyh polices, police Brchko (a city having the special status), police of the Bosnian federation and police of the Serbian Republic.
Has no analogues and humanitarian split. The education system, an information field, culture are divided: at each of the basic communities the schools, theatres, TV, newspapers... However language precedent is most interesting thereupon. On change to Serbo-Croatian language three have come at once – Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian. All of them are official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina equal in rights. Start to language fight was put in due course by the president of Croatia Frano Tudzhman (nowadays the dead). From the moment of coming to power in 1990 he indefatigably repeated, that the Croatian language is enthralled by the Serbian. Linguistic cleaning, and as a matter of fact – purposeful efforts on creation of special Croatian language as would tell Oruell, novojaza became a result of it. The leader of Bosnian Moslems Alija Izetbegovich (also nowadays the dead) has not too lagged behind the Croatian colleague. Having arrived in 1993 to Geneva on one of meetings with Milosevic and Tudzhmanom, he has required simultaneous interpretation on. . The Bosnian language. After the translator providently brought from Sarajevo has been involved, Izetbegovich with the most serious kind has put on ear-phones and began to listen to transfer with Serbo-Croatian on the Serbo-Croatian. In Bosnia though it is not so assiduous, as in Croatia, activity on returning of archaisms, first of all turtsizmov has begun.
If you face an inscription in three languages, that, not foreknowing, in what sequence these languages are possessed, will not always think, where what. Translators, not having other exit, frequently resort to shift of the same words in offers. This rather comical situation – an integral part of the Balkan tragedy.
The scrappy state Throughout several centuries, up to the Berlin congress of 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was vilajetom (administrative and territorial unit) as a part of Ottomansky empire. Many Slavs (both Serbs, and Croats) accepted Islam to separate from obespravlennoj Christian weight that has allowed both Serbian, and to the Croatian nationalists to assert, that Moslems are their drugged fellow tribesmen and that «the true state», both Serbian, and Croatian, «it is possible without Bosnia». The Eastern frontier of Bosnia lies on the river Drin – from here «the true Croatian state» should be stretched on the east to it, and «true Serbian» on the West for it. Not casually therefore to Sarajevo the shot of Serbian young man Gavrila who have born in the Bosnian small town Grahovo of the Principle, begun the First World War has sounded.
«Dark vilajetom» Iwo Andrich – the Croat on a nationality and the Serbian writer who was born in the Bosnian city the Herbalist named Bosnia and Herzegovina. Of century way – from displays international and mezhkonfessionalnoj break a set to friendly coexistence of representatives of the different people and faiths – there was in original, sometimes a comic Bosnian mentality which the same Andrich has described in the novels «the Bridge on Drin» and «the Travnitsky chronicle». In 1961 when Iwo Andrich for the products has received the Nobel Prize under the literature, nobody could think, that in thirty years in history of Bosnia and Herzegovina the most gloomy pages new, perhaps, will be entered.
In that Bosnia will turn to a meat grinder, those who was a sign with local circumstances initially did not doubt. SFRJU, the most multinational and mnogokonfessionalnuju the country of Europe, many named «the scrappy state». Tito, keeping throughout several decades the country together, has developed the concept «brotherhoods and unities» between jugoslavjanskimi the people. This concept has received the real embodiment in notorious «a national key». At selection of nominees on posts in federal government bodies the rule of equal representation of all nationalities and all federal units was strictly considered.
Bosnia and Herzegovina in frameworks even such state was present «a leopard skin» – so representatives of different nationalities and faiths here are mixed. By results of the population census spent in the spring of 1991, on a share of Moslems 43,7 %, Serbs and Croats – accordingly 31,3 17,3 % were necessary and. 7,7 More % were the so-called others. It first of all those who named itself(himself) "Yugoslavs", as is clear if to consider, that anywhere in the former Yugoslavia there were no so much mixed marriages. «The national key» here was applied practically at all levels of the power – from a house management to the maximum republican. On the compromise everything has been constructed, even in the central publication "Oslobodzhene": one page of the newspaper was typed by Cyrillics, following a Latin.
In due course communists have granted the Bosnian Moslems of the right of the state-forming people. The Serbian and Croatian nationalists immediately zaprichitali, that else came to to nobody mind to identify belief with a nationality. Meanwhile this communistic experiment is quite daring, and Bosnia and Herzegovina by the end of 80th years represented the sample truly multiethnic and multikonfessionalnogo companies. On places, especially in cities, it looked simply: Moslems and Croats visited the neighbours-Serbs on "glory" (analogue of Russian name-day), those came for Catholic Christmas or for Muslim holidays.
The end beginning All was changed after arrival in 1987 to the power in Serbia Slobadan Milosevic, and in 1990 in Croatia – Frano Tudzhmana. The Bosnian Serbs and Croats began to be guided by that occurs accordingly in Belgrad and Zagreb. Moslems as usually, have appeared in a tear. Socialism wreck in countries of Eastern Europe has delivered realisation of the first multi-party elections that meant dismantle adjusted Tito state machinery on the order of business.
The last prime minister SFRJU Ante Markovich, trying to rescue the country from disintegration and created «Movement for Yugoslavia», the hopes assigned to Bosnia and Herzegovina as rod republic. Its hopes could not be carried out. On elections in the autumn of 1990 each of three people in the majority voted for own national consignment: Moslems – per lot democratic actions led by Aliej Izetbegovichem, Serbs – for Serbian democratic party Radovana Karadzhicha, Croats – for the Croatian democratic commonwealth led by Stepanom Kljuichem. It was the end beginning.
Nevertheless 1991 and the beginning of 1992 have leaked in Bosnia rather peacefully. Then still very few people knew, that at Milosevic's meeting and Tudzhmana in Karadzhordzhevo in March, 1991 the section of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in which already time was a main subject!) between Serbia and Croatia. It was even less known about developed by Milosevic and the Serbian generals the plan of "Frames" ("Frame"), providing recutting of borders for the purpose associations of all Serbs within one state. The chairman of Presidium of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegovich and the president of Macedonia Kiro Gligorov have proposed a reorganisation of Yugoslavia in so-called «asymmetric federation», allowing to satisfy appetites of all. Milosevic has rejected this plan, having offered in exchange certain «modern federation» in which head he saw itself(himself).
Way to independence
The recognition the international community year of the state independence of Slovenia and Croatia directly has raised the question on January, 15 1992th that will be with Bosnia and Herzegovina. At Izetbegovicha there was no choice. In one state with Milosevic anybody did not want, except Serbs, therefore he has decided to spend on February, 24th and 25 1992 year a referendum. Citizens should answer a question: whether «you Act for sovereign and independent Bosnia and Herzegovina – the state of citizens equal in rights and people BiG, Moslems, Serbs, Croats and representatives of other people living in its territory?». Serbs boycotted a referendum, and participating in him in overwhelming majority have positively answered the asked question.
Izetbegovich it has appeared in a hard situation. On the one hand, on it pressed the international community which has called conference on a peaceful settlement for the purpose of delay of declaration of independence, with other – a top of the Bosnian Serbs. Who were these people? The psychiatrist and poet Radovan Karadzhich, in the past stayed for financial and office abusings; Momchilo Kraishnik, the former employee of Sarajevo firm "Энергоинвест" and sokamernik Karadzhicha on the same affairs; Biljana Plavshich, publicly declared, that as the biologist she was convinced, that Serbs and Moslems genetically are not adapted for a joint life. In parallel there were arms of active workers of all three parties: Serbs – the weapon from Serbia, Croats – from Croatia, Moslems – whence it is necessary.
On March, 1 1992st year on Bashcharshii in the middle Sarajevo the group of the Serbs marking wedding, has been fired by Moslems. One of matchmakers was lost. In the answer Serbs have established the first blockade of a city – main streets have been blocked by barricades. However thanks to interference of the international representatives the conflict managed to be settled. For a short while.
In the end of March – the beginning of April Moslems led by Izetbegovichem and in coordination with Croats have definitively decided to proclaim independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thousand people, having a presentiment bad, have rushed to the airport, storming the last planes departing from Sarajevo. Simultaneously to capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina crowds of people from a province have moved. As a result of national storm of republican parliament deputies from national consignments have been dispersed. «The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina, unite against war, do not shoot!» – such inscription through all screen accompanied reportings of republican TV. But was already late – from a roof of a building of Sarajevo hotel "Holidej Innas" on going to before parliament someone has opened fire. 30 persons, people of different nationalities were lost nearby.
The shooting have delayed, they have appeared bodyguards Radovana Karadzhicha. Last has required clearing of the people, having threatened to subject capital to artillery bombardment. The request has been executed. Karadzhich right after it has left Sarajevo, and its forces blocked a city.
Siege Forces Karadzhicha could take Sarajevo only during the first hours sieges, city defence has not been organised yet. And in it have joined not only Moslems – one of key commanders were the Serb, then the colonel, and subsequently the general of Bosnia and Herzegovina Jovan Divjak. So-called Serbian and Croatian formations too were not ethnically pure.
The Bosnian capital surrounded with mountains, within 44 months was exposed to daily artillery and sniper bombardments practically from all heights. During a siege were lost, by estimations, 10-12 thousand persons. Even more 50 thousand have got wounds.
For Sarajevo Russian volunteers fought many, switching on even women-snipers.
From «the Serbian diary of Russian volunteer» Oleg Valetskogo Sarajevo. «... We have received distribution in one couple (rotu), keeping defence along the street Ozrensky. In a staff to us there was a former officer is young, the Croat on a nationality... On Ozrensky us have placed not casually as it, probably, was the heaviest plot of local Serbian defence...
The nearest Serbian bunker was from us in metres of fifty, and trenches to it then were just equipped, and the open course was very vulnerable. Our plus was that items at us were a little above the opponent, but, on the other hand, our review has been rather limited, and on distance of hundred metres the district of the opponent was again lifted to our level. Difficulty was still that all territory of the opponent has been built up by the private houses destroyed and plundered, and it was heavy to define, whence on you fire...
Subsequently I with pleasure learnt, that some my familiar, bravely and safely at war, were both Croats, and Moslems... At Moslems to Sarajevo Serbs in army was much more. They tried to create visibility of a multinational army, that in connection with simply tremendous chauvinism in any way together did not get on. Other Serbs entering army and police Izetbegovicha, preferred to name themselves jugoslovenami as it has once thought up Tito. Others were represented "Boshnjakami" – the term which has been thought up whether Izetbegovichem, whether its western allies. At anybody from them the easy life was not, already owing to psychological pressure of another's environment... »
The commander of army of the Bosnian Serbs general Ratko Mladich promised, if it is required, to incinerate Sarajevo, similarly Vukovaru. (This Croatian city has been destroyed during a siege of 1991, and it quite often name Balkan Stalingradom). To incinerate Sarajevo Mladichu it was not possible, but transformation of capital into a city-phantom has appeared inevitable during schitanyh months.
From a diary of employee Sil of the United Nations on protection (UNPROFOR) Bahtijara Tuzmuhamedova ... Muslim part of a city. The poster «On a part of the road in length of 1,5 km not to stay», the broken trolley buses, buses and for some reason booths are lengthways expensive. Two tanks which have slipped in a roadside ditch. Estakada, from it the made a hole polyethylene panels, from below to them as sinkers, are attached boards and bricks hang down strange, places. It also is so-called antisniper screens. With them cover windows, hang out on columns along streets that snipers could not conduct aim fire. Those who establishes screens, including soldiers of the United Nations, quite often fall prey of snipers.
Trams have fallen asleep issechennye bullets and splinters. High modern houses with the beaten out windows smoked by walls, holes from shells. One house almost whole, but in its average part overlappings of all floors have failed. The torn off wires, on them have hung cellophane packages and other dust. Driving tactics on raked plots of roads to evening and night time: to go fast, from time to time for an instant including headlights – that the nobility where you go, but not to allow to the sniper to aim. Somehow time here so was driven by two policemen of the United Nations and have flown in a concrete column. One has not survived.
It is not believed, that is absolutely close, in other urban districts, work as cafe, in streets it is possible to purchase bread, binge and even bananas...
