Dokolonialnaja history. It is not known, when the first hutu have lodged in territory of modern Ruanda. Tutsi there were in this district in the beginning 15 century and have soon created one of the largest and powerful states in internal districts of East Africa. It differed the centralised control system and the strict hierarchy based on feudal dependence of citizens from misters. As hutu recognised over itself domination tutsi and paid them a tribute, throughout several centuries ruandijskoe the company saved relative stability. a part hutu were farmers, and the majority tutsi – cattlemen.
Ruanda during the colonial period. In 1899 Ruanda as the part of an administrative and territorial unit of Ruanda-Urundi was a part of a colony the German East Africa. The German colonial administration leant against traditional institutes of the power and prosecuted subjects of mainly maintenance of the world and a public order.
The Belgian armies have seized Ruanda-Urundi in 1916. After the First World War termination under the decision of League of the nations Ruanda-Urundi as a mandated territory has passed under management of Belgium. In 1925 Ruanda-Urundi it has been united in the administrative union to the Belgian Congo. After the Second World War Ruanda-Urundi under the United Nations decision has received the status of the ward of territory under control of Belgium.
The Belgian colonial administration turned to account institutes of the power existing in Ruanda, having saved system of the indirect management the ethnic minority tutsi was which leg. Tutsi began to co-operate closely with the colonial authorities, having received a number of social and economic privileges. In 1956 Belgian politicians it was radically changed in favour of the majority of the population – hutu. As a result process of decolonization of Ruanda proceeded more difficult, than in other African colonies where the mother country was resisted by local population. In Ruanda the antagonism went between three forces: the Belgian colonial administration dissatisfied with elite tutsi, aspiring to liquidation of the Belgian colonial management, and an apex hutu which struggled against tutsi, being afraid, that the last will make dominating minority in independent Ruanda.
However hutu have won over tutsi during a civil war 1959–1961 to which a series of political murders and pogroms on ethnic soil preceded that has served as the reason of the first mass outcome tutsi from Ruanda. Throughout the next decades hundred thousand refugees-tutsi have been compelled to search for a refuge in next to Uganda, Congo, Tanzania and Burundi. The Ruandijsky authorities considered refugees as foreigners and interfered with their homecoming.
Independent Ruanda. On July, 1st 1962 Ruanda became independent republic. The constitution accepted on November, 24th 1962, provided introduction in the country of a presidential form of government. By the first president of Ruanda the former teacher and the journalist, the founder of a consignment Movement for emancipation hutu (Parmehutu) which became unique political party of the country has been selected Greguar Kajibanda. In December 1963 group of refugees-tutsi from territory of Burundi has intruded in Ruanda and has been broken by parts ruandijskoj armies with the participation the Belgian officers. In the answer the government of Ruanda inspired slaughter tutsi which has called a new wave of refugees. The country has turned to a police state. On elections 1965 and 1969 Kajibanda has been re-elected on a post of the president of the country.
In due course the apex hutu northern districts of Ruanda began to realise, that the ruling regimen has deceived her. As a result the ethnic conflict has outgrown in an antagonism of region with the central power. In July 1973, two months prior to the planned elections on which Kajibanda should stand on an uncontested basis, in the country there was a military coup d'etat headed by the hutu-northerner major general Zhjuvenalem Habjarimanoj, the minister of national army and state security in government Kajibandy. The National meeting has been dismissed, activity Parmehutu and other political organisations is forbidden. Functions of the president of the country has incurred Habjarimana. In 1975 power initiated creation of a ruling and unique consignment in the country National revolutionary movement for development (NRDR). For the first time selected the president in 1978, Habjarimana has been re-elected on this post in 1983 and 1988. Though its regimen applied for being called democratic, it actually was dictatorship which corrected by means of violence. Physical destruction apprx. 60 political figures-hutu from structure of the previous government became one of its first steps. Leaning against system nepotizma and not disdaining custom-made murders, Habjarimana officially declared offensive in the world country between ethnic groups. In a reality the official policy including in a sphere of education, in 1980 – first half 1990th years promoted still to larger separation ruandijtsev to an ethnic sign. The historical past of Ruanda was forged. For tutsi, remained in territory of Ruanda, access to reception of education and employment of the state posts has been limited. In 1973 under the order of the authorities of all citizens have obliged to have at itself certificates of an ethnic accessory, which for tutsi late steels «admissions on a next world». From now on hutu began to consider tutsi as "internal enemies».
On October, 1st 1990 refugees-tutsi living in Uganda (basically children of the first wave of emigrants 1959), created Ruandijsky patriotic front (RPF), have intruded on territory of Ruanda. In 60 km from border with Uganda the column of refugees has been stopped ruandijskoj by army at support of the French and Belgian military units. It has not prevented the government of Ruanda to dramatize on the night of October, 5th an attack of forces RPF to Kigali. The authorities meaningly have gone on provocation to justify the arrests which have followed soon of thousand people which have accused of cooperation with RPF, and to justify an armed intervention of France and Belgium. Forces RPF have undertaken new attempts of intrusion in December 1990 and in the beginning 1991. Under the pressure of a number of the states of the West and in the conditions of necessity of realisation of political reforms for June 1991 Habjarimana has been compelled to agree for entering into the constitution of the amendments providing introduction in the country of a multi-party system. New offensive of forces RPF in February 1993 has led to emigration of 500 thousand more ruandijtsev, hutu and tutsi.
In August 1993 in tanzanijskom the city of Arusha the agreement in which the conditions of an armistice which were switching on formation of incorporated national army and a coalition transition government hutu and tutsi contained has been signed. In October 1993 under the Security council decision United Nations mission on rendering assistance to Ruanda has been created to watch fulfilment of the Arushsky peace agreement (and defaulted).
Throughout 1990–1994 extremists-hutu entering into the government, constantly strengthened reprisals against tutsi, operating together with militia NRDR (Interahamve) and using agents of mass propagation for kindling of interethnic enmity. During the campaign of terror developed in Ruanda politicians, journalists and all who was not consent with a policy of a ruling regimen physically were destroyed.
On April, 6th 1994 at planting at the airport of Kigali the plane on which board were Z.Habjarimana and the president of Burundi S.Ntarjamira, coming back with meeting at the summit in Tanzania has blown up. The version that the plane has been shelled from the earth is extended. Has not passed also hour as in Kigali the bloody slaughter-house which has captured next day all country has begun. In unprecedented on cruelty to ethnic cleaning extremists-hutu have exterminated apprx. 500 thousand persons, including women and children. Basically victims of a steel tutsi, but had been destroyed at the same time many hutu, considered as political opponents of a regimen or not wishing with it to co-operate. The peak of atrocities has fallen to April-May, but terror proceeded up to July. As it was found out later, it was completely not spontaneous massacre, and carefully planned operation prepared by extremists from the governmental circles, and also Interahamve at army support. Extremists turned to account primordial enmity between hutu and tutsi which was warmed up by call-ups by radio to utter annihilation tutsi.
In reply to a bloody slaughter-house of force RPF have intruded on territory of Ruanda and have promoted in the western direction. Simultaneously apprx. 2 million ruandijtsev ran abroad, mainly to Tanzania and Zaire. This time the majority of refugees made hutu which left the villages in the organised order, led by elders and accompanied by militia Interahamve. Camp of refugees have been transformed into basic bases of resistance RPF where military preparation has been organised, the genocide was eulogised, and even in position of refugees hutu continued to kill tutsi. On June, 22nd 1994 Security council of the United Nations has entrusted France to direct to Ruanda the armed humanitarian mission. However Frenchmen have seen plot of the English-speaking Ugandans aspiring ostensibly to pass the French-speaking country under the control of the USA in an event, and were limited to creation in a southwest part of Ruanda of a safety zone, having supplied protection ruandijskim to soldiers who ran from groups RPF, and to the survived officers of the government of Z.Habjarimany, many of which were guilty of the organisation of massacre. In the meantime the USA have opened the humanitarian mission in Kigali where RPF formed the new government which according to the Arushsky peace agreement consisted from hutu and tutsi. In July 1994 when RPF declared the complete victory, more quarters of the population of Ruanda either were lost, or ran abroad. Supervised tutsi RPF has nominated as the president of the country known for the moderate views hutu Pasteur Bizimungu, and the post of the vice-president was received by the chief of military organisation RPF major general Pol Kagame. The post of the prime minister has been kept for the representative hutu.
For world restoration in Ruanda the new government should solve three basic problems. First, as the country has been blasted and in it the chaos reigned, it was necessary to undertake emergency measures for population life support, to adjust job of public authorities and to start national economy restoration. Secondly, it was necessary to solve immediately a problem of camps of refugees in territory of the next Tanzania and Zaire where the well-organised and armed militia hutu was dug round. Keeping in camps of refugees of civilians as hostages, the militia developed plans of intrusion for territory of Ruanda and power grab. Thirdly, for maintenance in the country of the world and peaceful co-existence adjustment tutsi and hutu it was necessary to establish original parties in fault of a genocide.
To the extremity 1996 process of restoration and economic development of Ruanda has passed from a phase of emergency measures to an improvement stage. The Countries-donors – the USA, Belgium, the Great Britain and the Netherlands promised to grant financial aid in the sum more than 2 bln. dollars By the spring 1997 intrusion threat from the outside has decreased. Camp of refugees in borders of Zaire have been closed, and approximately 1,5 million civilians have returned home to Ruanda. In 1997 production volume it was evaluated in 75 % from pre-war level.
