Territory of Arabian peninsula since the most ancient times (2 thousand B.C.) the nomadic Arabian tribes, naming occupied themselves "al-Arab (Arabs)". In 1 thousand B.C. in various parts of peninsula start to develop drevnearabskie the states – Minejsky (to 650 B.C.), Sabejsky (apprx. 750–115 B.C.), Himjaritsky kingdoms (apprx. 25 B.C. – 577 our era). In 6–2 centuries B.C. in the north of Arabia there are slave states (the Nabatejsky kingdom which has become during 106 our era by the Roman province, etc.) . Development karavannoj trade between Southern Arabia and the states of the Mediterranean coast promoted development of such centres, as Makoraba (Mecca) and JAsrib (Medina). In 2–5 centuries on peninsula are extended a Judaism and Christianity. At coast of Persian gulf and Red sea, and also in Hijaz, Nadzhrane and Yemen there are religious communities of Christians and Jews. In the end of 5 century of our era in Nejd the union of the Arabian tribes led by tribe Kinda was generated. In further its influence has extended on a number of the next areas, switching on Hadramaut and east districts of Arabia. After union disintegration (529 our era) Mecca where during 570 our era prophet Mohammed was born became the major political centre of Arabia. During this period the country became object of struggle between the Ethiopian and Persian dynasties. In sulfurs. 6 century Arabs led by a tribe kurejshitov have managed to reflect an attack of the Ethiopian governors, trying to seize Mecca. In 7 century Our era in the western part of Arabian peninsula there was a new religion – Islam, and the first Muslim theocratic state – Arabian halifat with capital in Medina was formed. Under the guidance of Caliphs in the end of 7 century aggressive wars out of Arabian peninsula are developed. Capital moving halifatov from Medina at first to Damascus (661), and then to Bagdad (749) has led to that Arabia became okrainnoj area of the huge state. In 7–8 centuries the large part of territory of modern Saudi Arabia entered in halifat Omejjadov, in 8–9 centuries – Abbasidov. With falling Abbasidsky halifata in territory of Arabian peninsula there was a set of fine independent state educations. Hijaz saving significance of the religious centre of Islam, in the end of 10–12 centuries remained in vassal dependence from Fatimidov, in 12–13 centuries – Ajjubidov, and then – mamljukov (with 1425). In 1517 Western Arabia, including Hijaz and Asir, have been subordinated Ottoman empire. In sulfurs. 16 century the power of Turkish sultans has extended on the Ale-hasu, area at coast of Persian gulf. Since this moment and till the end of the First World War the Western and East Arabia entered (with breaks) into structure of Ottoman empire. Considerably Nejd which population made beduiny and farmers of oases used larger independence. All this district represented a large quantity of fine feudal state educations with independent governors practically in each settlement and a city, constantly at enmity among themselves.
The first Saudi state. Roots of a state system of modern Saudi Arabia lay in religious reformatory movement of the middle 18 century, named by a vahhabism. It has been based by Mohammed ibn Abd al-Vahhabom (1703–1792) and supported by Mohammed ibn Saudom (years of board 1726/27–1765), the leader of a tribe anajza, occupying district Ed-Dirijja in the central Nejd. To the middle 1780 Saudidy have affirmed in all territory of Nejd. They managed to unite to a part of tribes of the central and east Arabia in the religious-political confederation diffusion vahhabitskogo doctrines and the authorities nedzhdskih emirs on territory of all Arabian peninsula became which purpose. After mors al-Vahhaba (1792) son Ibn Sauda, emir Abdel Aziz I ibn Mohammed al-Saud (1765–1803), has accepted a title of the imam that meant association in his hands both secular, and the spiritual power. Leaning against the union vahhabitskih tribes, it has lifted a banner of "sacred war», requiring from next shejhstv and sultanatov recognitions vahhabitskogo the doctrine and joint performance against Ottoman empire. Having generated numerous army (to 100 thousand people) Abdel Aziz in 1786 has started conquest of the next earths. In 1793 Wahhabites have seized the Ale-hasu, storm have taken possession of Al Qatif where have definitively become stronger to 1795. Attempt of Ottoman empire to restore the power over the Ale-hasoj has failed (1798). Simultaneously with struggle for district of Persian gulf Wahhabites have developed offensive to coast of Red sea, making attacks on suburbs of Hijaz and Yemen and seizing the oases possessed along borders. To 1803 almost all coast of Persian gulf and islands adjoining to him (including Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and the large part of Oman and Muscat) have been subordinated by Wahhabites. In the south have been won Asir (1802) and Abu-Arish (1803). In Aziz's 1801 armies Abdel have intruded in Iraq and have broken a sacred city shiitov Kerbela. Having killed over 4 thousand townspeople and having collected treasures, they have receded back in desert. The expedition sent after them to Arabia has been broken. Attacks on cities of Mesopotamia and Syria proceeded up to 1812, however outside of Arabian peninsula the doctrine al-Vahhaba has not found support among local population. Ruin of cities in Iraq has restored against Wahhabites all shiitskuju a community. In 1803 as a sign of revenge for defilement of relics of Kerbela Abdel Aziz has been killed shiitom directly in mosque Ed-Diriji. But also at its successor, emir Saude I ibn Abdel Aziz (1803–1814), vahhabitskaja expansion has proceeded with new force. In April 1803 Wahhabites had been took Mecca, after a year – Medina, and to 1806 all Hijaz is subordinated.
From the extremity 18 century become frequent vahhabitskie attacks began to disturb all more strongly governors of Ottoman empire. With grab by Wahhabites of Hijaz power Saudidov has extended on sacred cities of Islam – Mecca and Medina. Practically all territory of Arabian peninsula has been switched on in structure vahhabitskogo the states. Saud has received a title "hadim-is scarlet-haramajn" («the servant of sacred cities»), that gave the chance to it to apply for domination in the Muslim world. Loss of Hijaz was serious blow on prestige of Ottoman empire which representatives of clergy have proclaimed "fetvu", official religious edikt, having delivered followers al-Vahhaba beyond the law. On suppression of Wahhabites the army of the Egyptian governor has been directed (bring down) Mohammed Ali. However in December 1811 Egyptian army has been completely crushed. Despite the first lesion and desperate resistance of Wahhabites, Egyptians in November 1812 have taken Medina, and in January of next year – Mecca, Taif and Jidda. They have restored annual pilgrimage to the sacred places, forbidden by Wahhabites, and have returned Hashimitam the control over Hijaz. After mors Sauda in May his son Abdalla ibn Saud ibn Abdel Aziz became 1814 emir of Nejd. In the beginning 1815 Egyptians have put to forces of Wahhabites a series of serious lesions. Wahhabites have been crushed in Hijaz, Asire and in is strategic the important districts between Hijaz and Nejd. However in May 1815 Mohammed Ali had to leave Arabia urgently. In the spring 1815 the world has been signed. Under terms and conditions of contract Hijaz has passed under management of Egyptians, and Wahhabites have reserved only districts of the Central and Northeast Arabia. Emir Abdalla promised to be subject to the Egyptian governor of Medina, and also recognised itself as the vassal of the Turkish sultan. It also was obliged to ensure safety hadzha and to return the treasures stolen by Wahhabites in Mecca. But the armistice has appeared short, and in 1816 war was reinstated. In 1817 as a result of successful offensive Egyptians have taken the strengthened settlements Ayrs-Rass, Burajdu and Unajzu. The commander of the Egyptian forces the Ibrahim-pasha, having got of support of the majority of tribes, in the beginning 1818 has intruded in Nejd and April 1818 has besieged Ed-Dirijju. After a five-month siege the city has fallen (on September, 15th 1818). Last governor Ed-Diriji, Abdalla ibn Saud, was handed over on favour of winners, has been sent at first to Cairo, then to Istanbul and there is publicly executed. Others Saudidy have been removed to Egypt. Ed-Dirijja it has been blasted. In all cities of Nejd have razed strengthenings and have delivered the Egyptian garrisons. In 1819 all territory before belonging Saudidam, it has been attached to possession of Egyptian governor Mohammed Ali.
The second Saudi state. However the Egyptian occupation proceeded all some years. Discontent of indigenous population with Egyptians promoted revival vahhabitskogo movements. In 1820 in Ed-Dirije revolt led by Misrahi ibn Saudom, one of relatives of the executed emir has flashed. Though it has been suppressed, Wahhabites after a year again managed to recover from a lesion and under the guidance of the imam who has come back from exile Turks ibn Abdallaha (1822–1834), grandson Mohammed ibn Sauda and cousin uncle Abdally to restore the Saudi state. From blasted Ed-Diriji their capital has been transferred to Riyadh (apprx. 1822). Aspiring to save friendship with osmanskimi governors of Iraq, Turks recognised nominal sjuzerenitet Ottoman empire. The Egyptian armies sent against Wahhabites were lost for hunger, thirst, epidemics and guerrilla attacks. The Egyptian garrisons were saved in Kasyme and SHammare, but also therefrom they have been beaten out in 1827. Having broken resistance rebellious beduinskih tribes, Wahhabites to 1830 have seized again coast the Ale-hasy and have forced sheikhs of Bahrain to pay them a tribute. In three years they have subordinated to themselves all coast of Persian gulf to the south from Al Qatif, including a part of territory of Oman and Muscat. Under the control of Egypt there was only Hijaz which has been transformed to the Egyptian province led by the deputy. Despite loss of the central and east Arabia, Egyptians continued to affect a political life of these districts. In 1831 they have supported claims on vahhabitsky throne Mashari ibn Halida, the cousin Turks. In the country the long period of struggle for the power has begun. In 1834 Mashari by means of Egyptians has taken possession of Riyadh, has killed Turks and villages on its place. However after a month Fejsal ibn Turks, leaning against army support, it was straightened with Mashari and became the new governor of Nejd (1834–1838, 1843–1865). Such turn of events did not suit Mohammed Ali. As occasion to new war failure Fejsala to render tribute to Egypt has served. In 1836 Egyptian forwarding army has intruded in limits of Nejd and after a year has taken possession of Riyadh; Fejsal has been captured, sent to Cairo where was to 1843. On its place son Sauda and brother Abdally who before was in Egyptian captivity have been delivered Halid I ibn Saud (1838–1842). In 1840 Egyptian armies have been introduced from Arabian peninsula, than the Wahhabites stating discontent by Proegyptian rate Halida have used. In 1841 governor of Nejd declared itself Abdalla ibn Tunajjan; Riyadh has been seized by its supporters, the garrison is destroyed, and Halid which during this moment was in the Ale-hase, ran by the ship to Jidda. Board Abdally also has appeared short. In 1843 it was Turks will dethrone come back of captivity Fejsalom ibn. In rather short time Fejsalu it was possible to restore actually broken up emirat. Within next three decades vahhabitsky Nejd began to play again the leading part in a political life of the central and east Arabia. During this period Wahhabites twice (1851–1852, 1859) tried to establish the control over Bahrain, Qatar, Contractual Coast and internal districts of Oman. For the short moment of possession Saudidov again have extended on significant territory from Dzhabel-Shammara in the north to borders of Yemen in the south. Their further advance at coast of Persian gulf has been stopped only by interference of the Great Britain. At the same time, the central power of Riyadh remained weak, vassal tribes were at enmity often among themselves and lifted revolts.
After mors Fejsala (1865) interbreeding struggle was added with dynastic conflicts. Between successors Fejsala which has divided Nejd between three sons, severe interstine struggle for «the senior table» has inflamed. In April 1871 correcting in Riyadh Abdalla III ibn Fejsal (1865–1871) has suffered a lesion from stepbrother Sauda II (1871–1875). Next five years the throne passed from arms in arms not less than 7 times. Each party created own groupings, in a consequence of that the unity vahhabitskoj communities has been infringed; breeding associations any more were not subject to the central power. Having used a good situation, osmantsy in 1871 occupied the Ale-hasu, and after a year – Asir. After mors Sauda (1875) and the short period of chaos to Riyadh has returned Abdalla III (1875–1889). It had to combat not only brother Abdarahmanom, but also with sons Sauda II.
Against this struggle Saudidy have appeared removed in a shade dynasty Rashididov competing to them, correcting with 1835 emiratom Dzhabel-Shammar. Long time Rashididy were considered as vassals Saudidov, but by degrees, having taken under the control trading karavannye ways, have found power and independence. Pursuing a policy of religious tolerance, shammarsky emir Mohammed ibn Rashid (1869–1897), nicknamed Great, has managed to finish dynastic civil strifes in the north of Arabia and to unite under power Dzhabel-Shammar and Kasym. In 1876 it the Turk recognised the vassal and with their help has begun struggle against emirs from house Saudidov. In 1887 Abdalla III, once again svergnutyj nephew Mohammed II, has addressed behind the help to Ibn Rashidu. The same year armies Rashididov have taken Riyadh, having delivered in a city of own governor. Having appeared actually as hostages in Haile, representatives of dynasty Saudidov recognised themselves as vassals Ibn Rashida and were obliged to pay it a tribute regularly. In 1889 Abdalle, nominated as the governor of a city, and to his brother Abdarahmanu have allowed to return to Riyadh. Abdalla, however, has died the same year; it has replaced Abdarahman which has soon tried to restore independence of Nejd. In battle at the Ale-mulajde (1891) Wahhabites and their allies have suffered a lesion. Abdarahman with a family ran in the Ale-hasu, and then to Kuwait where has found a refuge at the local governor. In the seized districts of Riyadh and Kasyma governors and representatives have been nominated rashididskie. With falling of Riyadh by the unique large state on Arabian peninsula became Dzhabel-Shammar. Possession rashididskih emirs have extended from borders of Damascus and Basra in the north to Asira and Oman in the south.
Ibn Saud and education of Saudi Arabia. The power of dynasty Saudidov has been restored by emir Abd al-Azizom ibn Saudom (complete name Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdarahman ibn Fejsal ibn Abdallah ibn Muhhamed-al-Saud, later received popularity under name Ibn Sauda), come back in 1901 of exile and begun war against dynasty Rashididov. In January 1902 Ibn Saud at support of the governor of Kuwait Mubaraka with small group of the supporters has taken possession of Riyadh, the former capital Saudidov. This victory has allowed it to be fixed in Nejd and to get support as from religious leaders (proclaimed with its new emir and the imam), and local tribes. By the spring 1904 Ibn Saud has restored the control over mostly southern and central Nejd. For struggle against Wahhabites Rashididy in 1904 have addressed behind the help to Ottoman empire. Sent to Arabia osmanskie armies have forced Ibn Saud to pass for a short while to defence, but have soon suffered a lesion and have left the country. In 1905 military successes of Wahhabites have compelled the governor (bring down) Ottoman empire in Iraq to recognise Ibn Saud as the vassal in Nejd. Possession Ibn Sauda nominally became district osmanskogo vilajeta Basra. Remained one, Rashididy still some time continued struggle. But in April 1906 their emir Abdel Aziz ibn Mitab al-Rashid (1897–1906) was lost in battle. Its successor Mitab has hastened to conclude the world and recognised rights Saudidov to Nejd and Kasym. By an exchange of letters Turkish sultan Abdul-Hamid has confirmed this agreement. Osmansky armies have been introduced from Kasyma, and Ibn Saud became the unique governor of the central Arabia.
As well as its ancestors, Ibn Saud aspired to association of Arabia in the unitary theocratic state. To this purpose promoted not only its military and diplomatic successes, but also dynastic marriages, purpose of relatives for responsible posts and attraction to the decision of the state problems ulemov. The unstable elements, stirring to unity of Arabia, remained beduinskie the tribes which were saving rodoplemennuju the organisation and not recognising a state system. Aspiring to achieve loyalty of the largest tribes, Ibn Saud by advice vahhabitskih religious teachers has started their transfer into settled way of life. With that end in view in 1912 the military-religious brotherhood ihvanov (the Arab has been based. « Brothers »). All beduinskie tribes and oases which have refused to join in ihvanskoe movement and to recognise Ibn Sauda as the emir and the imam, began to be considered as enemies of Nejd. Ihvanam it was recommended to move in agricultural colonies ("hidzhry") which members have been urged to like the native land, implicitly to be subject to the imam-emir and not to enter any contacts to Europeans and inhabitants of the countries controlled them (including Moslems). In each ihvanskoj to a community the mosque serving also as military garrison was erected, and ihvany became not only farmers, but also soldiers of the state Saudidov. To 1915 on all country it has been organised more than 200 similar settlements which were switching on not less of 60 thousand of persons, ready on the first call-up Ibn Sauda to enter war with"incorrect".
With the help ihvanov Ibn Saud has established the complete control over Nejd (1912), annexed the Ale-hasu and the territories adjoining on Abu-Dhabi and Muscat (1913). It has allowed it to conclude in May 1914 the new agreement with Ottoman empire. According to it Ibn Saud became the governor (bring down) again formed province (vilajeta) Nejd. Even earlier the Great Britain recognised the Ale-hasu as possession of the emir of Nejd. Between two countries negotiations which have led to that on December, 26th 1915 in Darine the friendship treaty and the union with the government of the British India has been signed have begun. Ibn Saud admitted the emir of Nejd, Kasyma and an Ale-hasy, independent of Ottoman empire, but was obliged not to oppose England and to compound from it the foreign policy, not to attack the British possession on Arabian peninsula, not to alienate the territory to the third powers and not to enter into agreements with other countries, except the Great Britain, and also again to begin war against Rashididov which were allies of Ottoman empire. For this concession Saudidy received essential military and financial aid (at a rate of 60 f. The item in a year). Despite the agreement, nedzhdijsky emirat and has not accepted sharing in the First World War, having limited to diffusion of the influence to Arabia.
At the same time as a result of confidential correspondence of the English Supreme commissioner in Egypt the Poppy-magona with the Great sheriff of Mecca Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi on October, 24th 1915 the agreement according to which Hussein was obliged to lift Arabs on revolt against Ottoman empire has been reached. In exchange the Great Britain recognised independence of the future Arabian state Hashimitov in it «natural borders» (a part of Syria, Palestin, Iraq and all Arabian peninsula, except for the British protectorates and territories of the Western Syria, Lebanon and Cilicia for which France applied). According to the agreement in June 1916 groups hidzhazskih tribes led by son Hussein Fejsalom and British colonel T.E.Lourensom have lifted revolt. Having accepted a title of the king, Hussein declared independence of Hijaz of Ottoman empire. Using a diplomatic recognition, it has proclaimed on October, 19th 1916 about independence of all Arabs of Ottoman empire and later 10 days has accepted a title «the king of all Arabs». However the Great Britain and the France which has secretly infringed the obligations in the spring 1916 (the agreement Sykes – Piko), recognised it only as the king of Hijaz. By July 1917 Arabs have cleared Hijaz from a Turk and have taken port Aqaba. At the final stage of war groups under command Fejsala and T.E.Lourensa have taken Damascus (on September, 30th 1918). As a result of the prisoner on October, 30th 1918 Mudrossky armistices domination of Ottoman empire in the Arabian countries has been liquidated. Process of unit of Hijaz (and other Arabian possession) from Turkey has been definitively complete in 1921 at conference in Cairo.
After the termination of the First World War activity of movement ihvanov on borders of Nejd has led to collisions Saudidov with the majority of neighbouring states. In 1919 in battle near Turaba, possessed on border between Hijaz and Nejd, ihvany have completely destroyed Hussein's royal army ibn Ali. Losses were so are great, that at the sheriff of Mecca does not remain any forces to protect Hijaz. In August 1920 Saudi armies led by prince Fejsalom ibn Abdel Aziz the expert-saudom have taken Top Asir; emirat has been declared by protectorate of Nejd (it is definitively annexed in 1923). The same year under blows ihvanov has fallen Hail, capital Dzhabel-Shammara. With defeat next year Mohammed's forces ibn Talala, last rashididskogo the emir, Dzhabel-Shammar has been attached to possession Saudidov. On August, 22nd 1921 Ibn Saud has been proclaimed by the sultan of Nejd and dependent territories. Next two years Ibn Saud the Ale-dzhauf and the Vadi-expert-sirhan annexed, having extended the power to all northern Arabia.
Encouraged by successes, ihvany have continued advancement on the north, vtorgshis in frontier districts of Iraq, Kuwait and Transjordan. Not wishing intensifying Saudidov, the Great Britain has supported Hussein's sons – the king of Iraq Fejsala and the emir of Transjordan Abdallu. Wahhabites have suffered a lesion, having signed on May, 5th 1922 in Ukajre so-called «agreement Muhammara» on demarcation of borders with Iraq and Kuwait; in conflict areas neutral zones have been created. Called next year the British government conference on settlement of disputable territorial questions including governors of Iraq, Transjordan, Nejd and Hijaz has ended in vain. With a gain of fine princedoms in the north and the south the Saudi possession have doubled.
Acceptance by king Hussein of a title of the Caliph of all Moslems has resulted in 1924 in the new conflict between nedzhdem and Hidzhazem. Having accused Hussein in deviation from Islamic tradition, Ibn Saud in June 1924 has addressed to Moslems with call-up not to recognise as its Caliph and has called conference ulemov on which the decision on war against Hijaz was accepted. In August of the same year ihvany have intruded in Hijaz and in October have seized Mecca. Hussein has been compelled to abdicate in favour of son Ali and to run to Cyprus. Offensive of Wahhabites has been continued next year. Territorial concessions of Transjordan, and also strain of relations between king Hussein and England of an accessory of Palestin have given the chance Ibn Saudu to achieve a victory over Hijaz rather easily. In December 1925 Saudi armies have taken Jidda and Medina then Ali also has abdicated. This event has noted falling of the Hashimitsky dynasty in Arabia.
As a result of war Hijaz has been attached to Nejd. On January, 8th 1926 in the Big mosque of Mecca Ibn Saud has been proclaimed by the king of Hijaz and the sultan of Nejd (the Saudi state has received the name «Kingdom Hijaz, sultanat Nejd and the attached areas»). On February, 16th 1926 Soviet Union the first recognised the new state and has established with it diplomatic and trade relations. Hijaz to which the constitution (1926) has been granted, has received an autonomy as a part of the incorporated state; by its deputy (vice-king) son Ibn Sauda at whom the Consultative meeting quoted as it on submission «eminent citizens» Mecca has been created has been nominated. The meeting considered administration bills and other questions which were put before it by the deputy, but its decisions had recommendational character.
In October 1926 Saudidy have established the protectorate over Bottom Asirom (definitively conquest Asira has been finished in November 1930). On January, 29th 1927 Ibn Saud has been proclaimed by the king of Hijaz, Nejd and the attached areas (the state has received the name «Kingdom of Hijaz and Nejd and the attached areas»). In May 1927 London has been compelled to recognise independence of Hijaz – Nejd; Ibn Saud, from its part, recognised «special relations» sheikhs of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Contractual Oman with the Great Britain (G.Klejtona's agreement).
With a gain of Hijaz and introduction of the new tax to pilgrims the basic source of enterings in treasury became hadzh (in all other kingdom, except Hijaz, taxes were levied by "nature"). With the purposes of assistance to development hadzha Ibn Saudom measures on normalisation of relations with the western powers and their allies in the Arabian countries have been taken. However on this way Ibn Saud has faced internal opposition on behalf of ihvanov. Country upgrade on the western sample (diffusion of such "innovations" as phones, in «the country of non-believers» – Egypt) they have regarded cars, telegraph, a parcel of son Sauda Fejsala as treachery of main principles of Islam. Crisis in verbljudovodstve, called by import of cars, has even more strengthened discontent in medium beduinov.
To 1926 ihvany became uncontrollable. Their attacks to Iraq and Transjordan declared as a part of struggle with "incorrect", of a steel by a serious diplomatic problem for Nejd and Hijaz. In reply to resumption ihvanskih attacks on borders of Iraq, the Iraq armies have taken a neutral zone that has led to new war between dynasties Hashimitov and Saudidov (1927). Only after bombing attacks of the British aircraft to armies Ibn Sauda operations between two states have been terminated. Iraq has disengaged the armies from a neutral zone (1928). On February, 22nd 1930 Ibn Saud has concluded the world with the king of Iraq Fejsalom (the son of the former emir of Hijaz Hussein), having finished saudovsko-hashimitskuju dynastic enmity on Arabian peninsula (1919–1930).
In 1928 leaders ihvanov, having accused Ibn Sauda in change to business for which they struggled, have thrown down an open challenge of the power of the monarch. However the majority of the population has rallied round the king that has given the chance to it to suppress revolt fast. In October 1928 between the king and leaders of insurgents the peace agreement has been entered into. But slaughter of dealers of Nejd has compelled Ibn Sauda to undertake new military operation against ihvanov (1929). Actions Ibn Sauda have been approved by Advice ulemov, considering, that only the king has the right to declare «sacred war» (jihad) and to control the state. After reception of religious blessing from ulemov, Ibn Saud has generated small army from among loyal to it of tribes and urban population and has put a series of lesions beduinskim to insurgent groupings. The civil war, however, proceeded to 1930 when rebels have been surrounded by Englishmen in the Kuwaiti territory, and their leaders are passed Ibn Saudu. With a lesion ihvanov breeding associations have lost the role of main military leg Ibn Sauda. During a civil war rebellious sheikhs and their teams have been completely destroyed. This victory became the closing stage on a way of creation of the uniform centralised state.
Saudi Arabia per 1932-1953. On September, 22nd 1932 Ibn Saud has changed the name of the state on new – Kingdom Saudi Arabia. It was supposed not only to strengthen it unity of kingdom and to finish with hidzhazskim separatism, but also to underline the central role of the royal house in creation of the Arabian centralised state. During all subsequent period of board Ibn Sauda internal problems did not represent for it special difficulties. At the same time kingdom external relations developed ambiguously. The policy of religious intolerance has led to estrangement of Saudi Arabia from the majority of the Muslim governments considering the Saudi regimen hostile and indignant complete control, established by Wahhabites over sacred cities and hadzhem. In many places, especially in the south of the country, boundary problems were saved. In 1932 at support of Yemen emir Asira Hasan Idrisi who has refused in 1930 from own sovereignty in favour of Ibn Sauda, has lifted revolt against Saudi Arabia. Its performance has been fast suppressed. In the beginning 1934 there was an armed conflict between Yemen and Saudi Arabia because of disputable area Nadzhran. In total for one and a half month Yemen has been crushed and almost is completely occupied by the Saudi armies. Definitive annexation of Yemen interference of the Great Britain and Italy, seeing in it has prevented only threat to the colonial interests. Military actions have been terminated after signing of the Taifsky agreement (on June, 23rd 1934) on which Saudi Arabia has achieved a recognition the government of Yemen of entry in its structure Asira, Dzhizana and parts Nadzhrana. Definitive demarcation of border with Yemen has been spent in 1936.
Boundary problems also took place and in east part of Arabian peninsula after Ibn Saud in 1933 has granted a company oil concession «Standard ojl of Kalifornia» (SOKAL). Negotiations with the Great Britain concerning demarcation of borders with the next British protectorates and possession – Qatar, Contractual Oman, Muscat and Oman and East protectorate Aden have ended with failure.
Despite the mutual hostility existing between dynasties Saudidov and Hashimitov, in 1933 the agreement with Transjordan, put an end to years of intense enmity between Saudidami and Hashimitami has been signed. In 1936 Saudi Arabia steps to normalisation of relations with a number of neighbouring states have been made. The nonaggression pact with Iraq has been concluded. Diplomatic relations with Egypt, broken off in 1926 have been the same year restored.
In May 1933 in connection with reduction of quantity of pilgrims in Mecca and tax revenues from hadzha Ibn Saud has been compelled to grant concession on petroleum investigation in Saudi Arabia to the company «Standard ojl of Kalifornia» (SOKAL). In March 1938 company «Kalifornia arabien standard ojl» (HELMETS, branch «Standard ojl of Kalifornia») has found out petroleum in the Ale-hase. In these conditions of HELMETS has achieved in May of 1939 concessions on investigation and an oil recovery on the large part of territory of the country (industrial extraction has begun in 1938).
The Second World War beginning has prevented full-scale working out of petroleum deposits the Ale-hasy, however partially losses of incomes Ibn Sauda have been reimbursed for the bill British, and then the American help. During war Saudi Arabia has broken off diplomatic relations with fascist Germany (1941) and Italy (1942), but almost before its termination saved a neutrality (officially declared war of Germany and Japan on February, 28th 1945). In the end of war and especially after it in Saudi Arabia the American influence has amplified. To 1943 USA have established diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia and have extended to it the law about lend-lize. In the beginning of February 1944 American petroleum companies have started building of the Transarabian oil pipeline from Dahrana to Lebanese port Sajda. Then the government of Saudi Arabia has allowed building in Dahrane large American military-air base which was necessary for the USA for war against Japan. In February 1945 US president Franklin Roosevelt and the king of Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud have signed the agreement on monopoly of the USA on working out of the Saudi deposits.
Oil recovery which has essentially enlarged in the end of war promoted working class formation. In 1945 at the enterprises «Arabien-ameriken ojl kompani» (ARAMKO, to 1944 – HELMETS) there was a first strike. The company board has been compelled to satisfy the basic requests of workers (a pay rise, reduction of duration of the working day and granting of annual paid holiday). As a result of new strikes in 1946–1947 government has passed the law on work (1947) according to which at all enterprises of the country 6-day working week with the 8-sentry was entered in the afternoon.
Petroleum industry development became the reason of folding of a management system of management. In the late forties – the beginning 1950 Treasuries, internal affairs, defence, education, agriculture, communications, foreign affairs, etc. (1953) have been created.
In 1951 between the USA and Saudi Arabia the agreement «about mutual defence and mutual aid» has been signed. The USA have acquired the right to the further building of military-air base in Dahrane (in the Ale-hase) where company ARAMKO headquarters placed. In the same 1951 the new concessionary agreement with ARAMKO on which the company has passed to a principle of "peer dividend distribution» has been signed, deducting kingdom half of all incomes of petroleum.
Leaning against considerably increased resources, Ibn Saud again has put forward territorial claims concerning English protectorates Qatar, Abu-Dhabi and Muscat. In disputable territories prospecting parties ARAMKO have started to conduct izyskatelnye jobs. After ineffectual negotiations with the Great Britain military forces of Saudi Arabia have taken an oasis an Ale-burajmi belonging to Abu-Dhabi (1952).
Saudi Arabia at Saude. In a full scale the changes called by huge export earnings of petroleum, were showed already in board of receiver Ibn Sauda, its second son Sauda ibn Abdel Aziz who has ascended to a throne in November 1953. In October 1953 the Ministerial council led by Saudom has been founded. In the same month the government has suppressed the largest strike in which participated 20 thousand oil industry workers ARAMKO. The new king had been published the laws forbidding realisation of strikes and demonstrations and providing the most severe punishments (up to a death penalty) for performances against a royal regimen.
In 1954 between Saudom and Onassisom the agreement on creation of an independent petroleum transport Inc has been reached, however ARAMKO by means of US State department has broken the bargain.
Relations with neighbouring states during this period remained rough. In the late forties – the beginning 1950 relations of Saudi Arabia with a number of neighbouring states that became a consequence of education of the state Israel and the hostile relation to it from the Arabian countries have a little improved. In foreign policy Saud followed precepts of the father and together with the president of Egypt Naserom supported the slogan of the Arabian unity. Saudi Arabia has opposed creations of "the Organization of Near-Eastern Cooperation» (METO), the formed Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and the Great Britain (1955). On October, 27th 1955 Saudi Arabia has entered into the agreement on a defensive alliance with Egypt and Syria. In the same month the British forces from Abu-Dhabi and Muscat have restored the control over an oasis an Ale-burajmi, seized by police of Saudi Arabia in 1952. Attempt of Saudi Arabia to find support in the United Nations has not given result. In 1956 in Jidda the supplementary agreement with Egypt and Yemen about the military union for 5 years has been signed. During Suez crisis (1956) Saudi Arabia has acted on the party of Egypt, having allowed a loan at a rate of 10 mln. dollars, and has directed the armies to Jordan. On November, 6th 1956 Saud declared a severance of diplomatic relations with the Great Britain and France and oil embargo introduction.
In 1956 have been severely suppressed strike of the Arabian workers at enterprises ARAMKO and student's excitements in Nejd. Saud has manufactured the royal decree in the June 1956, forbidden strikes under the threat of dismissal.
Turn in the Saudi foreign policy was scheduled in 1957 after visit Sauda to the USA. Having taken of sharply negative item to panarabizmu and the program of social reforms Nasera, Saud in March 1957 has reached agreements with hashimitskimi governors of Jordan and Iraq. The Islamites who have emigrated from Egypt under the pressure of Nasera have found in the country a refuge. In February 1958 Saudi Arabia has opposed educations by Egypt and Syria the new state – Incorporated Arabian Republic (OAR). After a month official Damascus has accused king Sauda of participation in plot for the purpose overthrows of the government of Syria and to preparation of attempt at the president of Egypt. In the same 1958 relations were practically broke off with Iraq.
Huge costs Sauda for personal needs, the court yard contents, payoff of breeding leaders have essentially undermined the Saudi economy. Despite annual incomes of petroleum, a country debt to 1958 has grown to 300 mln. dollars, Saudi rijal devalviroval on 80 %. Both inconsistent internal and the foreign policy, regular interference Sauda in internal affairs of other Arabian countries have resulted the Poor control the finance of kingdom in 1958 in government crisis. Under the pressure of members of royal family Saud in March 1958 has been compelled to pass all completeness executive and legislature to the prime minister by whom his younger brother Fejsal has been nominated. In May 1958 there has been begun reform of machinery of state. Constantly active Ministerial council which structure was nominated as the head of the government has been generated. The office was responsible before the prime minister, the king reserved is only right to sign decrees and to apply the veto. Government financial control behind all incomes of kingdom has been in parallel established, and also costs of a royal court yard are cut essentially down. As a result of the undertaken measures the government managed to balance the budget, to stabilise a rate of national currency and to reduce a state internal debt. However struggle in the ruling house proceeded.
Leaning against breeding aristocracy and group of liberally adjusted members of royal family led by prince Talalom ibn Abdel Aziz, Saud in December 1960 has returned itself the immediate control over the government and again has held a post of the prime minister. Along with sons Sauda, in a new office have been switched on Talal and its supporters supporting realisation of political reforms, general parliamentary elections and a constitutional monarchy establishment.
During this period there are the political associations supporting democratisation of a public life, creation of the responsible government, development of the national industry and use of oofs of the country in interests of all population: « Freedom movement in Saudi Arabia "," Liberal party "," the Consignment of reforms "," Front of national reforms ». However on a way of reforming of a regimen the government could not undertake any real steps. As a sign of the protest against continuation conservative traditsionalistskoj politicians prince Talal has sent in the resignation and in May 1962 together with group of the supporters ran to Lebanon, and then to Egypt. The same year in Cairo it had been formed« Front of national remission of Saudi Arabia »which has supported realisation in the country of radical socialist transformations and a republic establishment. Flight Talala, and also monarchy overthrow in the next Yemen and declaration in September 1962 Yemen Arabian Republics (JAR) have led to a severance of diplomatic relations of Saudi Arabia with Incorporated Arabian Republic (OAR).
Within next five years Saudi Arabia actually was at war in Egypt and JAR, rendering the direct military help svergnutomu to the imam of Yemen. The culmination war in Yemen has reached in 1963 when Saudi Arabia, in connection with threat of an attack of Egypt, declared the beginning of general mobilisation. Deterioration of relations of Saudi Arabia concerns the same period with Syria after in March 1963 to the power in this country the Consignment of the Arabian socialist revival (Baas) has come.
Saudi Arabia at Fejsale. In October 1962 in connection with economic circumstances aggravation in the country the cabinet was headed again by prince Fejsal. It had been spent a number of reforms in economy, social sphere and a sphere of education on which liberals insisted. The government has cancelled slavery and a slave-trade (1962), has nationalised port Jidda, has published the laws protecting items of the Saudi industrialists from a foreign competitiveness, has granted them credits, has released of taxes and duties to industrial equipment importation. In 1962 state company PETROMIN (General management of petroleum and mining resources) for the purpose the control over activity of the foreign companies, by extraction, transportation and sales of all minerals, and also petroleum-refining industry developments has been created. Realisation of other scale reforms in the field of the government Was supposed: Constitution acceptance, creation of local government bodies and formation of an independent judicial authority led by the Maximum judicial advice which is switching on representatives of secular and religious circles. Opposition attempts to influence a situation in the country were rigidly stopped. In 1963–1964 antigovernmental performances in Haile and Nejd have been suppressed. In 1964 plots in the Saudi army, the called new reprisals against «unreliable elements» have been opened. Projects Fejsala and the agents necessary for upgrade of armed forces, waging war in Northern Yemen, meant necessity of reduction of personal expenditure of the king. On March, 28th 1964 under the decree of royal advice and advice ulemov authorities of the king and its personal budget have been cut down (crown prince Fejsal has been declared by the regent, and Saud the nominal governor). Saud, regarded it as the arbitrary act, has tried to achieve support of influential circles to return imperious authorities, but it is unsuccessful. On November, 2nd 1964 Saud has been displaced by members of the royal family, which decision has been confirmed fetvoj (the religious decree) Advice ulemov. On November, 4th 1964 Saud has signed renunciation of a throne and in January 1965 has left in exile to Europe. This decision has put an end to decade of internal and external instability and more consolidated conservative forces in the country more. By the new king the expert-saud who has reserved a post of the prime minister has been proclaimed Fejsal ibn al-Aziz al-Fejsal. In March 1965 it has nominated as the new successor of the stepbrother, prince Halida ibn Abdel Aziz the expert-sauda.
Priority Fejsal declared kingdom upgrade. Its first decrees have been directed on protection of the state and the nation against the potential internal and external threats, capable to prevent kingdom development. Cautiously, but it is resolute Fejsal went on a way of introduction of the western technologies to the industries and social sphere. At him education system and public health services reform has received development, there was a national TV. After mors of a great mufti in 1969 reform of religious institutes has been spent, the system of religious organs under control to the king (Advice of assembly of leaders ulemov, the High council kadi, Administration scientific (religious) researches, decision-making (fetv), propagation and managements, etc.) is created.
In foreign policy Fejsal has achieved the big progress in the permission of demarcation disputes. In August 1965 the definitive agreement on demarcation of borders between Saudi Arabia and Jordan has been reached. The same year Saudi Arabia has agreed about the future contours of border with Qatar. In December 1965 the agreement on continental shelf differentiation between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain about the joint rights to marine deposit Abu-Saafa has been signed. In October 1968 the similar agreement on a continental shelf with Iran has been signed.
In 1965 Saudi Arabia and Egypt have organised an occurring of representatives of the Yemen contending parties on which between the president of Egypt Naserom and the king of Saudi Arabia Fejsalom the arrangement on the termination of foreign military interference in affairs JAR has been reached. However military actions were soon reinstated with new force. Egypt has accused Saudi Arabia that it continues to render the military help to supporters svergnutogo the imam of Yemen, and declared suspension of a conclusion of the armies from the country. The Egyptian aircraft has struck blows to bases of the Yemen monarchists in the south of Saudi Arabia. Government Fejsala has responded to it closing of several Egyptian banks then Egypt has started confiscation of all property belonging to Saudi Arabia in Egypt. In the Saudi Arabia have been made a number of the terrorist attacks directed against royal family and citizens of the USA and the Great Britain. On charges in sabotage 17 Yemenites have been publicly executed. The number of political prisoners in the country in 1967 has reached 30 thousand persons.
Liking which Fejsal could test to the king of Jordan Hussein as to the colleague-monarch, and also to the opponent of any revolutions, Marxism and republican moods, have been saddened by traditional rivalry between Saudidami and Hashimitami. Nevertheless in August 1965 40-year-old dispute between Saudi Arabia and Jordan concerning border has been allowed: Saudi Arabia recognised claims of Jordan for a seaport Aqaba.
The Egyptian and Saudi disagreements have not been decided before Hartumsky conference of heads of the states of the Arabian countries in August 1967. It was preceded by the third arabo-Israeli war («Six-day war», 1967) in which course the government of Saudi Arabia has declared the support of Egypt and has directed to Jordan own military units (20 thousand soldiers which, however, did not accept sharing in operations). Along with it government Fejsala has resorted to economic levers of pressure: the petroleum export embargo to the USA and the Great Britain has been declared. However embargo proceeded not for long. At Hartumsky conference of the head of the governments of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Libya have made decision annually to deduct to "the aggression states-victims» (OAR, Jordan) 135 million f. The item for restoration of their economy. Simultaneously with it the petroleum export embargo was cancelled also. In exchange for an eaid Egypt has agreed to disengage the armies from Northern Yemen. The civil war in JAR proceeded to 1970 when Saudi Arabia recognised the republican government, has disengaged from the country all armies and has terminated the military help to monarchists.
With the civil war termination in JAR Saudi Arabia has faced new external threat – a revolutionary regimen in National Republic of Southern Yemen (NRJUJ). King Fejsal lent support to the groupings of the South Yemen opposition running after 1967 in JAR and Saudi Arabia. In the end of 1969 between NRJUJ and Saudi Arabia armed conflicts for oasis Al-Vadejah have flashed. Prospective oil fields and water stocks in this region became the reason of an exacerbation of crisis.
The same year the authorities had been prevented the revolution attempt, preparing officers of the Air Forces; nearby 300 persons have been seized and sentenced to various imprisonment terms. High wages and privileges have weakened discontent in the officer case.
In 1970 in Katife again have occurred shiitskie excitements which were so serious, that the city has been blocked within a month.
The friendship treaty and cooperation, the prisoner between the USSR and Iraq in 1972, has strengthened fears Fejsala and has pushed him to attempts of association of neighbouring countries in a coalition for struggle against «communistic threat».
New disputes with neighbours were called by education to 1971 United Arab Emirates (United Arab Emirates). Stipulating the recognition the question decision on the Ale-burajmi, Saudi Arabia has refused to recognise the new state. Only in August 1974 after long negotiations it was possible to take out the majority of questions on an oasis the Ale-burajmi. As a result of the agreement Saudi Arabia recognised the rights of Abu-Dhabi and Oman to an oasis, and has in turn received territory Sabha of the Bat in a southern part of Abu-Dhabi, two small islets and the right to construct road and an oil pipeline through Abu-Dhabi to gulf coast.
During the arabo-Israeli war 1973 Saudi Arabia has directed small military sectionings for sharing in military actions on the Syrian and Egyptian fronts. After the end of war the country has granted Egypt and Syria gratuitous financial aid, has reduced in October – December an oil recovery and its deliveries to the countries supporting Israel, has established (temporarily) export embargo of petroleum to the USA and the Netherlands, for the purpose to force them to change the policy in the arabo-Israeli conflict. The oil embargo and a rise in prices for petroleum in 4 times promoted strengthening of economy of the Arabian oil-extracting states. With signing in 1974 agreements on an armistice between Israel, Egypt and Syria (both at intermediary of US State Secretary Henry Kissindzhera) and visit to Saudi Arabia (June 1974) US president Richard M.Nixon have been normalised relations of Saudi Arabia from the USA. The country has made efforts depression of growth of the world prices for petroleum.
Saudi Arabia at Halede (1975–1982). On March, 25th 1975 king Fejsal has been killed by one of the nephews, prince Fejsalom ibn Musaidom, come back to the country after training at the American university. The murderer has been seized, declared by the insane person and is sentenced to a death penalty through obezglavlivanie. On a throne the brother of the king – Haled ibn Abdel Aziz the expert-saud (1913–1982) has entered. Because of poor health Halida actually all executive power has been passed crown prince Fahdu ibn to Abdel Aziz the expert-saudu. The new government has continued conservative policy Fejsala, having enlarged costs for development of transport, the industry and education. Thanks to huge incomes of petroleum and the strategic position, the kingdom role in the regional policy both international economic and money matters has increased. The prisoner in 1977 between king Haledom and US president Ford the agreement promoted the further strengthening of the American-Saudi relations. Simultaneously Saudi government has condemned peace agreements between Israel and Egypt, prisoners in 1978–1979, and has interrupted diplomatic relations with Egypt (are restored in 1987).
Saudi Arabia has appeared under the influence lifted wave of the Islamic fundamentalism which has followed Islamic revolution in Iran in 1978–1979. In 1978 in Katife again there were the large antigovernmental performances accompanied by arrests and executions. The strain in the Saudi company was openly showed in November 1979 when the armed Muslim oppositionists led by Dzhuhajmanom al-Otejbi have seized a mosque al-Haram in Mecca, one of Muslim relics. Insurgents were supported by a local population part, and also wage workers and students of some religious educational institutions. Rebels have accused a ruling regimen of corruption, in deviation from initial principles of Islam and diffusion of the western way of life. The mosque has been free by the Saudi armies after fortnight fights in which were lost more than 300 persons. Grab of the Great Mosque and victory of Islamic revolution in Iran have provoked new performances shiitskih the dissidents, also suppressed by armies and National guards. In reply to these performances crown prince Fahd declared in the beginning 1980 plans of creation of the Advisory council which, however, has been generated only in 1993, and management upgrades in East province.
To supply external protection of the allies, the United States in 1981 have agreed to sell Saudi Arabia some onboard systems of tracking AVAKS that has called negative reaction in Israel which was afraid of disturbance of military balance in the Near East. The same year Saudi Arabia has participated in creation of Advice of cooperation of the Arabian states of Persian gulf (SSAGPZ), groups of six Arabian countries of Persian gulf.
On the other hand, aspiring to resist to internal threats from religious extremists, the government of Saudi Arabia has started to render active assistance to Islamic movements in various regions of the world, and first of all, in Afghanistan. This political policy has coincided with expansive growth of incomes of petroleum export – during the period with 1973 on 1978 annual profit of Saudi Arabia has grown with 4,3 to 34,5 bln. dollars
Modern Saudi Arabia. In June 1982 king Haled has died, the king and the prime minister became Fahd. Other brother, prince Abdulla, commanding the Saudi National guards, has been named by the crown prince and the first vice-premier. The brother of king Fahda, the prince the Sultan ben Abdel Aziz Al-Saud (the river 1928), the Minister of Defence and aircraft, became the second vice-premier. At king Fahde the Saudi economy has faced serious problems. Begun in 1981 depression of a world demand and petroleum prices has led to reduction of extraction of the Saudi petroleum from 9 million barrels a day in 1980 to 2,3 million barrels in 1985; petroleum export earnings were reduced about 101 bln. dollars to 22 bln. dollars Balance of payments deficit in 1985 has made 20 bln. dollars, foreign currency reserves were reduced also. All it has led to an exacerbation of many internal political, social and religious contradictions, podpityvaemyh an intense foreign policy situation in region.
Throughout the irano-Iraq war during which time Saudi Arabia economically and politically supported the government of Iraq, followers ajatolly Khomeinis repeatedly organised disorders, trying to break annual hadzh to Mecca. By means of strict measures of safety of Saudi Arabia usually it was possible to prevent large incidents. In reply to excitements of the Iranian pilgrims who have occurred in March 1987 in Mecca, the government of the country the decision to reduce their number to 45 thousand persons a year has made. It has called the extremely negative reaction from the Iranian management. In July 1987 about 25 thousand Iranian pilgrims have tried to block an input in a mosque to Jaras (Bejt-Ullah), having entered in fight with forces of protection of an order. As a result of disorders were lost more than 400 persons. Khomeini has called for overthrow of the Saudi royal house to revenge for mors of pilgrims. The Saudi government has accused Iran of the organisation of mutinies in support of the request eksterritorialnosti Mecca and Medina. This incident, along with scurfs of the Iranian aircraft on the Saudi bulk-oil tankers in Persian gulf in 1984, has compelled Saudi Arabia to interrupt diplomatic relations with Iran. The set of terrorist attacks has been made on the Saudi agencies abroad – first of all on offices of national airline "Саудия". Responsibility for murders of the Saudi diplomats «Devout soldiers» and «Generation of the Arabian anger» have incurred shiitskie groupings «the Consignment of the god in Hijaz». A little Saudi shiitov have been condemned and executed for the organisation of explosions of bombs on the Saudi petroleum objects in 1988. In 1989 Saudi Arabia has accused Iran of participation in two acts of terrorism during time hadzha 1989. In 1990 for fulfilment of acts of terrorism have been executed 16 Kuwaiti shiitov. During 1988–1991 Iranians did not participate in hadzhe. Normalisation of relations has occurred to Iran after Khomeini's mors in 1989. In 1991 Saudidy have confirmed a quota of 115 thousand Iranian pilgrims and have allowed political demonstrations in Mecca. In time hadzha in 1990 have been trampled to mors or have choked in the underground tunnel which bridges Mecca to one of sanctuaries, more than 1400 pilgrims. Incident, however, has not been bound to Iran.
The Iraq intrusion into Kuwait in August 1990 had essential military, political and economic consequences for Saudi Arabia. Having finished occupation of Kuwait, the Iraq armies have begun concentration on border with Saudi Arabia. To resist to the Iraq military threat, Saudi Arabia declared mobilisation and has addressed behind the military help to the USA. Government Fahda has allowed time expansion in the Saudi territory of many thousands American and allied military forces. Simultaneously the country has received apprx. 400 thousand refugees from Kuwait. During this period to compensate losses of petroleum deliveries from Iraq and Kuwait, Saudi Arabia has repeatedly enlarged own oil recovery. A huge role during war in Persian gulf king Fahd has played personally, the influence convinced many Arabian states to join the Antiiraq coalition. During war in Persian gulf (1991) territory of Saudi Arabia repeatedly was exposed to bombardment from Iraq. In the end of January 1991 Iraq parts had been seized the Saudi cities of Vafra and Hafdzhi. Fights for these cities have been named by the largest in history of the country battle with forces of the opponent. The Saudi forces participated in other fighting operations, including in remission of Kuwait.
After war in Persian gulf the government of Saudi Arabia has undergone to powerful pressure from the Islamic radicals claiming realisation of political reforms, strict following to positions of Sheriyat, a withdrawal of troops of the western countries, especially American, from the sacred earth of Arabia. To king Fahdu the petitions calling for expansion of authorities of the government have been directed, to wider sharing of the public in a political life and larger economic justice. After these shares creation in May 1993 «Committee on protection of legitimate rights» has followed. However soon the government has forbidden this organisation, tens its members have been seized, and king Fahd has required of Islamites to terminate antigovernmental propaganda.
Pressure of liberals and conservatives has compelled king Fahda to start political reforms. On February, 29th 1992 at official meeting of the government three royal decrees («Bases of system of the power», «Position about the Advisory council» and «System of the territorial system»), the state system which has fixed the general principles and a country government have been accepted. In addition to them in September 1993 king had been accepted «the Certificate of establishment of the Advisory council» according to which members of the Advisory council were nominated and its authorities were explained. In December 1993 the first meeting of the Advisory council has taken place. It has been the same year declared reform of Ministerial council and administrative reform. According to the royal decree, the country has been parted on 13 provinces in which head the emirs quoted as the king have been delivered. In the same 1993 have been declared members of 13 provincial advices and principles of their activity. In 1994 provinces, in turn, have been divided into 103 districts.
In October 1994 as a counterbalance to Advice ulemov, to a consultative body of the extremely conservative seminary students, the High council on the Islamic affairs, consisting of members of royal family and the members quoted as the king (led by the Minister of Defence the Sultan), and also Advice by Islamic inquiries and a management (led by the minister of Islamic affairs Abdalloj al-Turks) has been formed.
War with Iraq was seriously reflected in a national economy. Economic problems became obvious in 1993 when the USA have insisted on that Saudi Arabia has paid the American costs during war in Persian gulf. By estimations of experts, this war cost to the country in 70 bln. dollars Low prices for petroleum have not allowed Saudi Arabia to compensate financial losses. Budget gap and fall in oil prices in 1980 have compelled the Saudi government to cut down social costs and to reduce foreign investments of kingdom. Despite own economic difficulties, Saudi Arabia has prevented the Iranian plans is artificial to lift petroleum prices in March 1994.
War against terrorism. However attempts of structural reforms could not decide the contradictions which have ripened in the Saudi company. Coalition armies have been introduced from Saudi Arabia in the end of 1991; in the country remained about 6 thousand American military men. Their stay on the Saudi earth was in a glaring contradiction with vahhabism doctrines. In November 1995 in Riyadh there was a first act of terrorism against the American citizens – the bomb in the car parked at a building of Management by programs of National guards of Saudi Arabia has blown up; 7 persons have been killed and 42 are wounded. In June 1996, after execution of 4 Islamites who have organised explosion, the new attack has followed. On June, 25th 1996 near to a military base of the USA in Dahrane the mined gasoline tank truck has been blown up. At explosion 19 American military men were lost and 515 persons, including 240 citizens of the USA are wounded. Responsibility for attacks have incurred «Movement for Islamic cha
