Primitive company. The most ancient traces of stay of the person are found on nizhnepaleoliticheskoj to parking in Torralbe (procentury Sorija). They are presented rubilami ranneashelskogo type together with skulls of a southern elephant, bones of a rhinoceros the Measure, etrusskogo a rhinoceros, horse Stenona and other thermophilic kinds of animals. Nearby, in a valley of the river Mansanares near Madrid, has been found more perfect tools of an average paleolith (muste). Primitive people then, possibly, migrated through territory of Europe and have reached Iberian peninsula. Here in the middle of the last freezing the culture soljutre developed pozdnepaleoliticheskaja.
In the end of the last freezing in territory of the central and southern France and northern Spain there was madlenskaja a culture. People attended to hunting for reindeers and others holodovynoslivyh animals. They produced from kremnja cutters, prokolki and scrapers and sewed clothes from skins. Madlensky hunters have kept on walls of caves of the image of trade animals: bisons, mammoths, rhinoceroses, horses, bears. Drawings were put by a sharp stone and painted by mineral paints. Drawings on walls of cave Altamira near Santander are especially known. The basic finds of tools madlenskoj cultures are dated for northern areas of Iberian peninsula, and only separate finds are made in the south. Blossoming madlenskoj, apparently, is necessary for dating cultures time from 15 thousand to 12 thousand years ago.
In caves of east Spain original images of people during hunting which remind rock paintings in the central Sahara were saved. The age of these monuments is difficult for establishing. It is not excluded, that they formed throughout the long period.
In process of climate improvement in mesolit holodovynoslivye animals died out, and types of stone tools were changed. The Azilsky culture which has replaced madlenskuju, was characterised mikroliticheskim by stone stock and the painted or engraved pebbles with drawings in the form of strips, crosses, zigzags, lattices, stars, and sometimes reminding the stylised figures of people or animals. At northern coast of Spain, in Asturias, a little later there were groups of the collectors eating mainly molluscs. It has defined character of their tools intending for branch of bowls from walls of coastal rocks. This culture has received the name asturijskoj.
Development of weaving of baskets, agriculture, cattle breeding, the system of dwellings both other forms of social organisation and fastening of traditions in the form of laws associate with neoliticheskoj an epoch. In Spain neoliticheskie axes and pottery have appeared for the first time at southeast coast near to heaps of the kitchen garbage dated approximately of 2500 B.C. is possible, the most ancient settlements of Almeria concern this time with defensive stone shaft and the ditches which were filled in with water. Agriculture, hunting and fishing were the important employment of the population.
In III millenium B.C. already there were the numerous strengthened residential locations surrounded with fields where grain crops were grown up. As tombs the big rectangular or trapezoid stone premises were used.
In II millenium B.C. thanks to bronze opening there were metal tools. At this time the fertile valley of the river Guadalquivir has been occupied, and the culture centre has moved in the western direction, becoming a basis tartesskoj civilisations, probably, comparable to rich area mentioned in the Bible "Tarshish" which was known to Phoenicians. This culture has extended also on the north in a river Ebro valley where has begun the Greek-iberijskoj civilisation. Since then this territory has been densely occupied rodoplemennymi communities which attended to agriculture, a mining operations, manufacturing of a pottery and various metal tools.
In the beginning of I millenium B.C. through the Pyrenees waves of invasions indoevropejskih the people, mainly Celts have swept. The first migration did not follow limits of Catalonia, but the subsequent have reached Castile. Wars preferred to wage the majority of new newcomers and to graze cattle, instead of to attend to agriculture.
Migrants have completely mixed up with local population in area between upper courses of the rivers Dueros and Tagus where archeologists have found out traces more than 50 settlements. All this area has received name Keltiberija. In case of an attack of enemies the Union keltiberijskih tribes could exhibit to 20 thousand soldiers. It has shown strong resistance to Romans at defence of the capital of Numantia, but Romans nevertheless managed to win. Carthaginians. In the beginning of I millenium B.C. skilful seafarers Phoenicians have reached southern coast of Iberian peninsula and have based there shopping centre Gadir (Cadiz), and Greeks were justified at east coast. After 680 B.C. Carthago became the basic centre of a Phoenician civilisation, and Carthaginians have established trade monopoly in strait of Gibraltar. On east coast have been based iberijskie the cities reminding the Greek cities-states.
Carthaginians traded with Tartessky federation in a river Guadalquivir valley, but practically did not undertake attempts for its gain until have suffered defeat from Rome in 1st Punic war (264–241 B.C.). Then Carthago military leader Gamilkar has created Punic empire and has transferred capital to Cartagena (New Carthago). His son Gannibal in 220 has attacked B.C. on Sagunt, a city which was under protection of Rome, and in the followed war Carthaginians have intruded in Italy, however in 209 Romans have seized Cartagena, have passed through territory of all Andalusia and in 206 have compelled to be handed over Gadir. The Roman period. During war Romans have established the complete control over east coast of Iberian peninsula (so-called Near Spain) where have adjusted the union with Greeks, having granted them the power over Carthago Andalusia and less known internal areas of peninsula (so-called Distant Spain). vtorgshis in a river Ebro valley, Romans in 182 have won B.C. over keltiberijskimi tribes. In 139 B.C. have been subdued luzitany and the Celts prevailing as a part of the population of a valley of the river Tagus, an army of Romans have entered on territory of Portugal and have placed the garrisons in Galicia. The earths kantabrov and other tribes of northern coast have been won during the period between 29 and 19 B.C.
To 1 century of our era Andalusia has tested strong Roman influence, and local languages have been forgotten. Romans have laid a network of roads in an internal part of Iberian peninsula, and the local tribes, shown resistance, have been moved in the remote areas. The southern part of Spain has appeared most romanizirovannoj from all provinces. It has given the first provincial consul, emperors Trajana, Adriana and Feodosiya Great, writers Martsiala, Kvintiliana, Seneku and poet Lukana. In such large centres of the Roman Spain as Tarrakon (Tarragona), Italika (near Seville) and Emerita (Merida), has been built monuments, arenas, theatres and hippodromes. Bridges and aqueducts have been erected, and through seaports (especially in Andalusia) trade in metals, an olive oil, wines, wheat and other goods was actively carried out. The Christianity has got into Spain through Andalusia in 2 centuries of our era, and to 3 centuries in main cities already there were Christian communities. We were reached by data on severe prosecutions of early Christians, and documents of the cathedral which has taken place in Iliberise near of Granada apprx. 306, testify, that the Christian church had good organizational structure till a christening of Roman emperor Konstantin in 312. The MIDDLE AGES
In the Spanish historiography there was an original submission about the Spanish Middle Ages. Since times of the Italian humanists of Renaissance the tradition was established to consider invasions of barbarians and falling of Rome during 410 our era as a starting point of transition from an antique epoch by the Middle Ages, and the Middle Ages were considered as gradual approach to Renaissance (15–16 centuries) when interest to culture of a classical antiquity again has cleared up. At studying of history of Spain special significance was given not only to crusades against Moslems (Rekonkiste), proceeding some centuries, but also the fact of long coexistence of Christianity, Islam and a Judaism on Pirenejsky p-ove. Thus, the Middle Ages in this region begin with the moment of Muslim invasion in 711 and come to an end with grab by Christians of the last stronghold of Islam, Granadsky emirata, exile of Jews from Spain and opening of New Light by Columbus in 1492 (when there were all these events).
The Vestgotsky period. After intrusion vestgotov to Italy in 410 Romans used them for order restoration in Spain. In 468 their king Ejrih has settled the adherents in northern Spain. In 475 it even has promulgated the earliest written code of laws (code Ejriha) in the states formed by the German tribes. In 477 Roman emperor Zenon officially recognised transition of all Spain under power Ejriha.
Vestgoty have accepted arianstvo which has been condemned as heresy on the Nikejsky cathedral in 325, and have created a caste of aristocrats. Their cruel treatment with local population, basically Catholics in the south of Iberian peninsula, has served as the reason of intervention of the Byzantian armies of Eastern Roman Empire which remained in southeast areas of Spain till 7 century
King Atanagild (554–567) has made years of board capital Toledo and has won Seville from Byzantines. Its successor, Leovigild (568–586), has taken to 572 Cordoba, reformed laws in favour of Catholics of the south and has tried to replace an elective monarchy vestgotov with the hereditary. King Rekared (586–601) declared the failure from arianstva and the circulation in Catholicism and has called advice on which has convinced arianskih bishops to follow to its example and to recognise Catholicism as the state religion. After his death there has come arianskaja reaction, but with accession to the throne Sisebuta (612–621) Catholicism has found again the status of the state religion.
Has screwed together (621–631), the first vestgotsky the king, correcting all Spain, has been enthroned by bishop Isidorom Seville. At him the city of Toledo became residence of Catholic church. Rekkesvint (653–672) approximately in 654 has promulgated the well-known code of laws «Liber JUditsiorum». This outstanding document vestgotskogo the period cancelled having been available legal distinctions between vestgotami and the local people. After death Rekkesvinta struggle between applicants for a throne in the conditions of an elective monarchy has become aggravated. At the same time it is appreciable oslabla the power of the king, both continuous palace plots and mutinies did not cease up to wreck vestgotskogo the states in 711.
The Arabian domination and beginning Rekonkisty. A victory of Arabs in fight on the rivers Guadalete in Southern Spain on July, 19th 711 and destruction of the last king vestgotov Roderiha two years in fight at Segojuely have predetermined later destiny vestgotskogo kingdoms. Arabs began to name the earths Al-Andaluz seized by them. To 756 they coped the governor who formally was subject to the Damask Caliph. The same year Abdarrahman I has based independent emirat, and in 929 Abdarrahman III has appropriated a title of the Caliph. This halifat with the centre in Cordoba has existed prior to the beginning of 11 centuries After 1031 Kordovsky halifat has broken up to set of the small states (emiratov).
To a certain extent the unity halifata always was illusory. Huge distances and difficulties of the message were aggravated with racial and breeding conflicts. Between politically dominating Arabian minority and berberami, making the majority of the Muslim population, there were the extremely hostile relations. This antagonism has even more become aggravated that the best earths got to Arabs. Position was aggravated with availability of layers muladi and mosarabov – the local population which to some extent has tested Muslim influence.
Moslems actually could not establish domination in the extreme north of Iberian peninsula. In 718 group of soldiers-Christians under supervision of legendary vestgotskogo leader Pelajo has broken Muslim army in mountain valley Kovadonga.
By degrees moving ahead to the river Duero, Christians took the free earths for which Moslems did not apply. The boundary region Castile (territorium castelle – in transfer «the earth зaмков») was at that time formed; pertinently to notice, that else in the end of 8 centuries Muslim letopistsy named it Al-Kila (зaмки). At early stages Rekonkisty there were the Christian political educations of two types differing on a geographical position. The kingdom Asturias which after court yard transfer to Leon in 10 centuries began to be called as kingdom Leon was a nucleus of the western type. The county Castile has turned to independent kingdom in 1035. Two years later Castile has united with kingdom Leon and by that has acquired a leading political role, and together with it and the priority rights to the earths won from Moslems.
In more east areas there were Christian states – kingdom Navarra, the county the Aragon which has become by kingdom in 1035, and various counties, connected with kingdom of francs. Initially some of these counties were an embodiment of a Catalan ethno-linguistic generality, the central place among them took the Barcelonian county. Then there was the county Catalonia having an exit to Mediterranean sea and conducting brisk maritime trade, in particular slaves. In 1137 Catalonia has joined kingdom Aragon. This state in 13 centuries has considerably expanded the territory to the south (to Murcia), having attached also Balearsky islands.
In 1085 Gigolo VI, the king of Leon and Castile, has seized Toledo, and the border with the Muslim world has moved from the river Duero to the river Tagus. In 1094 kastilsky national hero Rodrigo Dias de Bivar, known under name Sid, has entered into Valencia. However these large achievements were not so much result of eagerness of crusaders, how much a consequence of weakness and dissociation of governors tajf (emiratov in territory Kordovsky halifata). During Rekonkisty happened, that Christians united with Muslim governors or, having received from last the big bribe (parias), were employed to protect them from crusaders.
In this sense destiny Sida is indicative. He was born apprx. 1040 in Bivare (near Burgos). In 1079 king the Gigolo VI has sent it to Seville for the tax of a tribute at the Muslim governor. However soon after that it has not got on with the Gigolo and has been expelled. In east Spain it has taken a way of the adventurer, and then has received name Sid (derivative of the Arab. "seid", i.e. "mister"). Sid served such Muslim governors, as the emir of Zaragosa al-Moktadir, and to masters of the Christian states. With 1094 Sid began to correct Valencia. He has died in 1099.
The Kastilsky epos the Song about mine Side, written apprx. 1140, goes back to earlier oral legends and authentically passes many historical events. The song is not the chronicle of crusades. Though Sid battles to Moslems, in this epos villains represent at all they, and Christian princes Karriona, court the Gigolo VI whereas the Muslim friend and ally Sida, Abengalvon, surpasses their nobleness.
End Rekonkisty. Muslim emirs have appeared before a choice: or constantly to render tribute to Christians, or to address behind the help to coreligionists in the North Africa. In long run the emir of Seville al-Mutamid has addressed behind the help to Almoravidam, created the powerful state in the North Africa. The gigolo VI managed to keep Toledo, but its army has been broken at the Sprat (1086); and in 1102, after three years after death Sida, Valencia has fallen also. Almoravidy have discharged of the power of governors tajf and at the beginning could unite Al-Andaluz. But their power has weakened in 1140th years, and by the end of 12 centuries them have superseded Almohady – moors from the Moroccan Atlas. After Almohady have suffered heavy defeat from Christians in fight at Las-Navas-de-Tolosa (1212), their power has reeled.
By this time the mentality of crusaders to what the course of life of the Gigolo I Voitelja which corrected Aragon and Navarroj with 1102 on 1134 testifies was generated. During its board when memoirs on the first crusade were still fresh, at moors it has been won a part of a valley of the river Ebro, and the French crusaders have intruded in Spain and have taken such important cities, as Zaragosa (1118), Tarasona (1110) and Kalatajud (1120). Though the Gigolo and could not carry out the dream of a campaign to Jerusalem, it has lived until when in Aragon spiritually-knightly award Tamplierov has been founded, and soon in other areas of Spain have begun the activity of award Alkantara, Kalatrava and Santiago. These powerful awards have rendered the big help in struggle with Almohadami, keeping is strategic the important items and adjusting an economy in a number of borders.
Throughout 13 centuries Christians have achieved significant successes and have undermined the political power of Moslems almost on all Pirenejsky p-ove. The king of Aragon Hajme I (years of board 1213–1276) has won Balearsky islands, and to 1238 Valencia. In 1236 king of Castile and Leon Ferdinand III has taken Cordoba, Murcia was handed over kastiltsam in 1243, and in 1247 Ferdinand has seized Seville. Has saved independence only Muslim Granadsky emirat, existed to 1492. Rekonkista it has been obliged by the successes not only to military actions of Christians. The big role readiness of Christians to go on negotiations with Moslems has played also and to grant them the right of residing in the Christian states, saving the belief, language and customs. For example, in Valencia northern territories almost have been completely cleared of Moslems, the central and southern areas, except the city of Valencia, occupied basically mudehary (Moslems it was authorised to them to remain). But in Andalusia after large Muslim revolt in 1264 politicians kastiltsev it was completely changed, and almost all Moslems have been moved.
Later the Middle Ages. At 14-15 centuries Spain tore apart internal conflicts and civil wars. With 1350 on 1389 long struggle for the power in kingdom Castile was conducted. It has begun with opposition Pedro Severe (rules with 1350 on 1369) and the union of grandees led by its illegitimate stepbrother Enrike Trastamarsky. Both parties aspired to find foreign support, in particular at France and England which have been involved in Centenary war.
In 1365 expelled from the country Enrike Trastamarsky at support of the French and English mercenaries has seized Castile and next year has proclaimed itself king Enrike II. Pedro ran in Bajonnu (France) and, having received the help from Englishmen, has returned itself the country, having broken armies Enrike in battle at Nahere (1367). After that French king Charles V has helped Enrike to return a throne. Armies Pedro have been crushed on plains Montelja in 1369, and it was lost in single combat with the stepbrother. But threat to existence of the Trastamarsky dynasty has not disappeared. In 1371 John Gont, the duke Lankastersky, married oldest daughter Pedro and began to apply on kastilsky a throne. Portugal has been involved in dispute. The successor of a throne has married Juan of I Kastilsky (years of board 1379–1390).
Juan's followed intrusion into Portugal has ended with humiliating defeat in fight at Alzhubarrote (1385). The campaign undertaken in 1386 Lancaster against Castile had no success. Further kastiltsy have paid off from its claims on a throne, and both parties have agreed on marriage between Katarinoj Lankastersky, daughter Gonta, and son Juan I, future kastilskim king Enrike III (years of board 1390–1406).
After death Enrike III throne was inherited by minor son Juan II, however in 1406–1412 state Ferdinand, younger brother Enrike III nominated soregentom actually corrected. Besides, Ferdinand managed to defend the rights to a throne in Aragon after local childless Martin's death I in 1395; it corrected there in 1412–1416, constantly interfering in affairs of Castile and pursuing interests of the family. His son the Gigolo V Aragonsky (years of board 1416–1458), the Sicilian throne which has inherited also, first of all was interested in affairs in Italy. Second son Juan II has been absorbed by affairs in Castile though in 1425 it became king Navarry, and after death of the brother in 1458 has inherited a throne in Sicily and Aragon. The third son, Enrike, became the master of an award of Santiago.
In Castile against these «princes from Aragon» Alvaro de the Moon, influential favourite Juan II acted. The Aragonsky consignment has suffered defeat in decisive fight at Olmedo in 1445, but itself the Moon has fallen into disgrace and has been executed in 1453. The board following kastilskogo the king, Enrike IV (1454–1474), has led to anarchy. Enrike, not having children from first marriage, has divorced and has entered second marriage. Within six years the queen remained fruitless of what the rumour accused her spouse who has received a nickname "Powerless". When at the queen the daughter named Huanoj was born, in the simple people and among the nobility rumours, that her father – not Enrike, and its favourite Beltran de la Kueva were spread. Therefore Juan has received a contemptious nickname "Beltraneha" (spawn Beltrana). Under the pressure of in opposition adjusted nobility the king has signed the declaration in which recognised the brother of the Gigolo as the successor of a throne, however declared this declaration void. Then representatives of the nobility were going to in Avile (1465), have deposed Enrike and have proclaimed the king of the Gigolo. Many cities have risen on party Enrike, and the civil war which proceeded and after sudden death of the Gigolo in 1468 has begun. As a condition of the termination of mutiny the nobility has made a demand to Enrike to nominate as the successor of a throne the summary sister the Isabella. Enrike has given on this consent. In 1469 Isabella has married for infanta Aragonsky Fernando (which will become history under a name of Spanish king Ferdinand). After death Enrike IV in 1474 Isabella it has been declared by the queen of Castile, and Ferdinand after death of father Juan II in 1479 has taken a throne of Aragon. So association of the largest kingdoms of Spain was made. In 1492 the last stronghold of moors on Pirenejsky p-ove – Granadsky emirat has fallen. The same year Columbus at Isabella support has made the first expedition to New Light. In 1512 the kingdom Navarra has been switched on in Castile.
The Mediterranean acquisitions of Aragon had the important consequences for all Spain. At first under the control of Aragon Balearsky islands, Corsica and Sardinia, then Sicily have got. In board of the Gigolo V (1416–1458) Southern Italy has been won. To operate the reacquired earths, kings nominated deputies or procurators (procuradores). In the end of 14 centuries such deputies (or vice-kings) have appeared in Sardinia, on Sicily and Majorca. The similar management structure has been reproduced in Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia because the Gigolo V for a long time left to Italy.
The power of monarchs and royal officers has been limited kortesami (parliaments). Unlike Castile where kortesy were rather weak, in Aragon for decision-making under the important administration bills and money matters it was necessary to receive the consent kortesov. Between meetings kortesov royal officers were supervised by standing committees. For supervision of activity kortesov in the end of 13 centuries delegations of cities have been created. In 1359 in Catalonia the General deputation which main authorities were reduced to collection of taxes and a drawing on liquid assetsn has been generated. Similar establishments have been created in Aragon (1412) and Valencia (1419).
Cortess, being completely not democratic bodies, represented and defended interests of prosperous levels of population in cities and a countryside. If in Castile kortesy were the obedient tool of an absolute monarchy, especially during Juan's II board in kingdom Aragon and Catalonia entering into its structure other concept of the power has been carried out. It recognised that the political power is initially established by free people by the conclusion of the agreement of the mighty of this world with the people in which the rights and responsibilities of both parties are stipulated. Accordingly, any infringement of the arrangement from the royal power is considered tyranny display.
Such arrangement between a monarchy and peasantry existed during revolts so-called remensov (serfs) in 15 centuries of Performance in Catalonia have been directed against toughening of duties and enslaving of peasants, especially became more active in the middle of 15 centuries and became an occasion to a civil war 1462–1472 between the Catalan General deputation supporting land owners, and a monarchy which was entered for peasants. In 1455 Gigolo V has cancelled some feudal duties, but only after the next lifting of country movement Ferdinand V in 1486 has signed in monastery Gvadalupe (Estremadura) so-called «the Gvadalupsky maxim» about serfdom cancellation, including the heaviest feudal duties.
Position of Jews. At 12-13 centuries Christians with tolerance concerned the Jewish and Islamic culture. But by the end of 13 centuries and throughout 14 centuries their peaceful co-existence has been infringed. The growing wave of anti-Semitism has reached peak during a mass slaughter of Jews in 1391.
Though in 13 centuries Jews made less than 2 % of the population of Spain, they played the important role in a material and spiritual life of company. Nevertheless Jews lived separately from the Christian population, in own communities with synagogues and kosher benches. Segregatsii the Christian authorities promoted, ordering to allocate to Jews in cities special quarters – alhama. For example, in the city of Jerez de la Frontera the Jewish quarter has been separated by a wall with collars.
Significant independence in management of own businesses was granted the Jewish communities. Among Jews, as well as among townspeople-Christians, the prosperous families acquiring the big influence were by degrees allocated. Despite political, social and economic restrictions, the Jewish scientists have introduced the big investment in development of the Spanish company and culture. Thanks to perfect knowledge of foreign languages they executed diplomatic commissions and Christians, and Moslems. Jews have played a key role in distribution of achievements of the Greek and Arabian scientists to Spain and other countries of Western Europe.
Nevertheless in the end of 14 – the beginning of 15 centuries Jews were exposed to severe prosecutions. Many have been violently paid in Christianity, having turned in konversos. However konversos often remained to live in urban Jewish communities and continued to attend to employment traditional for Jews. The situation became complicated also that is a lot of konversos, having grown rich, have got into Wednesday of oligarchy of such cities as Burgos, Toledo, Seville and Cordoba, and also have held the important posts in royal administration.
In 1478 the Spanish inquisition led by Thomas de Torkvemadoj has been founded. First of all she has paid attention to Jews and the Moslems who have accepted Christian belief. From them tortures "recognition" in heresy then usually executed through burning achieved. In 1492 all non-Christian Jews have been expelled from Spain: almost 200 thousand persons have emigrated to the North Africa, Turkey, to the Balkans. The majority of Moslems under the threat of exile have accepted Christianity.
Thanks to Columbus's swimming in 1492 and to opening of New Light the basis of the Spanish colonial empire has been mortgaged. As Portugal too applied for overseas possession, in 1494 the Tordesiljassky agreement for section between Spain and Portugal has been concluded. The next years frameworks of the Spanish empire have been considerably expanded. France has returned to Ferdinand boundary provinces of Catalonia, and Aragon for a full due held the items to Sardinia, Sicilies and in southern Italy.
In 1496 Isabella has arranged marriage of the son and the daughter with children of the emperor of Sacred Roman empire Maksimiliana Gabsburga. After death of the son of the Isabella the throne right of succession has passed to her daughter Juan, the wife of the successor of the emperor, Phillip. When at Juans there were signs umopomrachenija, the Isabella has wished to make the regent of Castile of Ferdinand, but after death of the Isabella in 1504 on a throne were established Juan and Phillip, and Ferdinand has been compelled to leave to Aragon. After Phillip's death in 1506 Ferdinand became regent Huany which illness progressed. At him Navarra it has been attached to Castile. Ferdinand has died in 1516, and grandson Charles, son Huany and Phillip became its successor.
Spain – world power. Spanish king Charles I (years of board 1516–1556) became the emperor of Sacred Roman empire under Charles's name V in 1519, having replaced the grandfather, Maksimiliana I. Under its power there was Spain, Naples and Sicily, the earths Gabsburgov in Belgium and the Netherlands, Austria and the Spanish colonies in New Light. Spain has turned to world power, and Charles became the most powerful monarch of Europe. During its board Spain has been involved in problems which had rather remote relation to its national interests, but the most direct – to power Gabsburgov assertion. As a result of riches and army of Spain have been thrown on struggle against Lutherans in Germany, Turks in the Mediterranean and Frenchmen in Italy and the Rhine area. Charles did not manage to constrain invasion a Turk and to prevent the Lutheranism assertion in Germany. To it has more carried with realisation of church reforms which have been accepted by the Tridentsky cathedral 1545–1563. Charles's wars with France have begun with victories, but have ended with defeat. Having got over the difficulties of the first years of board, Charles has gained authority as the monarch.
After Charles's renunciation of the power in 1556 Austrian possession have passed to his brother Ferdinand, but бoльшая the empire part has got to his son Phillip II (years of board 1556–1598). Phillip has been brought up in Spain and, despite a German origin, was considered as the true Spaniard. Not so brave as the father, it was circumspect both persistent, and besides convinced that the God has assigned to it mission to promote definitive triumph of Catholicism. However throughout long years of board it was pursued by a train of failures. The policy in Belgium and the Netherlands has led to revolution (1566) and to education in 1579–1581 Republics of the Connected provinces. Attempts to involve England in sphere of influence Gabsburgov also have appeared unsuccessful. At last in 1588, revolted with extortionate attacks of English seamen on the Spanish dealers and the help of queen Elizabeth to Dutches, it has equipped well-known «Invincible armada» to land a landing at northern coast of La Manche. This enterprise was finished by destruction almost all Spanish fleet. Interference in religious wars in France, possibly, has prevented the Huguenot to become the French king, but when Henry IV has accepted a Catholicism, Phillip has been compelled to withdraw the armies. Portugal concern large achievements of its policy in 1581 and a brilliant marine victory over Turks in battle acquisition by right of succession at Lepanto (1571) which has undermined naval power of osmanli Turks.
In Spain Phillip has saved a former management system, it is even more having strengthened and having centralised the royal power. However its decrees were not embodied more often during a life, uvjazaja in bureaucratic routine. At him aroused fear Spanish inquisition was strong as never. Cortess were convoked all less often, and the last decade Phillip's reigns aragontsy have been compelled to be acted by freedom under the pressure of the royal power. In 1568 Phillip has undertaken prosecutions moriskov (violently kreshchenyh Moslems) and thus has provoked their mutiny. On mutiny suppression has left three years. Moriski, attending by a commodity production and trade and keeping in the hands a significant part of an industry and commerce in the south of Spain, have been moved in internal fruitless areas of the country. Decline of the Spanish power. Though after Phillip's death II Spain still was considered as world power, it was in a crisis status. The international ambitions and obligations to house Gabsburgov have extremely exhausted country resources. The incomes of kingdom increasing for the revenue account from colonies, were huge to measures 16 century, but Charles V has kept huge debts, and Phillip II had to declare twice the country the bankrupt – in 1557, and then in 1575. In the end of its board the levy machinery began to have destructive effect on a country life, and the government already hardly made ends meet. The negative balance of trade and a short-sighted financial policy have struck blow to trade and business. Because of enormous inflow of precious metals from New Light of the price in Spain have considerably exceeded European, therefore here it became favourable to sell, but is unprofitable to purchase the goods. Complete ruin of domestic economy was promoted also by one of main sources of incomes of the state – the ten-percentage tax from a trade turnover.
Phillip III (years of board 1598–1621) and Phillip IV (1621–1665) could not break a situation to the best. The first of them has concluded in 1604 peace treaty with England, and then in 1609 has signed a 12-year-old armistice with Dutches, but continued to spend huge amounts of money for the favourites and entertainments. Having expelled from Spain moriskov during the period with 1609 on 1614, it has deprived the country more a quarter of one million hardworking inhabitants. In 1618 the conflict between emperor Ferdinand II and the Czech Protestants has inflamed. Thirty-year war (1618–1648) in which Spain has acted on the party Austrian Gabsburgov has begun with it, hoping to return itself at least a part of the Netherlands. Phillip III has died in 1621, but his son Phillip IV has continued its political policy. First the Spanish armies have achieved some successes under command of well-known general Ambrodzhio di Spinola, but after 1630 suffered one defeat behind other. In 1640 Portugal and Catalonia have simultaneously risen; The last has delayed on itself the Spanish forces that has helped Portugal to restore independence. In 1648 in Thirty-year war the world though Spain continued to be at war with France to the conclusion of the Pirenejsky world in 1659 has been reached. Painful and nervous Charles II (years of board 1665–1700) became the last governor from dynasty Gabsburgov in Spain. It has not kept successors, and after his death the crown has passed to French prince Phillip Burbonu, the duke Anzhujsky, to grandson Louis XIV and great-grandson Phillip III. Its assertion on the Spanish throne was preceded by the all-European war for the Spanish inheritance (1700–1714) in which France and Spain struggled with England and the Netherlands. The emperor of Sacred Roman empire Phillip V (years of board 1700–1746) has kept behind itself a throne, but has thus lost a southern part of the Netherlands, Gibraltar, Milan, Naples, Sardinia, Sicily and Menorka. He spent not so aggressive foreign policy and has undertaken efforts on economic circumstances improvement. Ferdinand VI (1746–1759) and to Charles III (1759–1788), the most capable kings 18 century, was possible manage empire disintegration. Spain together with France waged wars against the Great Britain (1739–1748, 1762–1763, 1779–1783). In gratitude for support France in 1763 has passed Spain extensive territory of Louisiana in the North America.
Subsequently, in 1800, this territory has been returned France, and in 1803 – is sold by Napoleon of the USA. External and internal conflicts. At feeble-minded Charles IV (1788–1808) Spain could not decide the challenges which have arisen in connection with Great French revolution. Though Spain in 1793 has adjoined other European powers which were at war with France, in two years she has been compelled to conclude the world and since then it has appeared in a sphere of influence of France. Napoleon used Spain as base in struggle against England and at realisation of plans of grab of Portugal. However, seeing, that the Spanish king reluctantly obeys its orders, Napoleon has compelled it in 1808 to abdicate and has passed a crown of Spain to the brother Zhozefu. Board Zhozefa was short. Occupation of Spain by Napoleon and its attempt to impose to it the monarch have provoked revolt. As a result of actings in concert of the Spanish army, guerrilla groups and the British armies under Arthur Uelsli's command, after become by the duke Vellingtonsky, the French army has been crushed and in 1813 is introduced from Iberian peninsula.
After Napoleon's deposition by the king of Spain son Charles, Ferdinand VII (1814–1833) have been recognised. It seemed to Spaniards, that the new epoch in a country life begins. However Ferdinand VII has been resolutely incited against any political changes. In 1812 Spanish leaders opposing king Zhozefa, have developed liberal, though and not quite practical constitution. Ferdinand approved it before the returning to Spain, but when has received a crown, has infringed the promise and has started to struggle with supporters of liberal reforms. In 1820 revolt has flashed. In March 1820 king has been compelled to recognise the constitution 1812. The liberal reforms which have begun in the country have hardly disturbed the European monarchs. In April 1823 France from approval of the Sacred union has begun military intervention to Spain. By October 1823 constitutional government, not managed to adjust country defence, capitulated, and king Ferdinand VII has restored an absolute monarchy.
With 1833 on 1874 country was in an instability status, having gone through a number of social, economic and political shocks. After death of king Ferdinand in 1833 right to a throne of his daughter of the Isabella II its uncle Carlos who has provoked with 1833 on 1839 so-called karlistskie wars challenged. The constitutional board has been restored in 1834, and in 1837 the new constitution which has limited the power of the monarch two-chamber kortesami has been accepted. Revolutionary events 1854–1856 were finished by dispersal kortesov and cancellation of liberal laws. The next lifting of the revolutionary movement which has begun in 1868 revolt on fleet, has compelled the queen the Isabella II to run from the country. The constitution 1869 has proclaimed Spain hereditary monarchy then the crown has been offered Amadeju Savojsky, to the son of Italian king Victor Emmanuila II. However, becoming king Amadeem I, he has soon counted the position by the extremely unstable and in 1873 has abdicated. Cortess have proclaimed Spain republic. Experience of short republican board in 1873–1874 has convinced military men that only monarchy restoration can put an end to internal conflicts. Proceeding from these reasons, general Martinez Kampos 1874 has carried out on December, 29th revolution and has enthroned the son of the Isabella of the king of the Gigolo XII (1874–1885).
The monarchistic constitution 1876 has entered new system of the limited parliamentary power which provided warranties of political stability and representation basically average and maximum classes. The gigolo XII has died in 1885. The son who has born already after his death became the king the Gigolo XIII (1902–1931). But to its majority (1902) regent there was a queen. In economically backward Spain anarchism items were strong. In 1879 in the country the Spanish socialist workers' party has been created, but it long time remained small and malovlijatelnoj. The discontent and among representatives of middle class amplified.
Spain has lost the last overseas possession as a result of defeat in the Spanish-American war 1898. This defeat has found out complete military and political decline of Spain. The monarchy end. In 1890 the general suffrage for men has been entered. Thereby the soil for education of numerous new political parties which have pushed aside Liberal and Conservative consignments has been prepared. When the young king the Gigolo XIII to reach the consent of the parties, began to interfere with political cases for the purpose it have accused of personal ambitions and dictatorship. The Catholic church still possessed the big influence, but also it even more often turned to object of attacks from anticlericals from the lowest and the middle class.
To limit the power of the king, church and traditional political oligarchy, reformers required to make amendments to the constitution. Inflation during the First World War and an economic recession in post-war years have aggravated social problems. The Anarho-syndicalists who have become stronger in a working environment of Catalonia, have provoked four-year-old stachechnoe movement in the industry (1919–1923), accompanied by mass bloodsheds. In 1912 Spain has established the limited protectorate over Northern Morocco, but attempt to subdue this territory has led to defeat of the Spanish army at Anvale (1921).
Aspiring to soften a political situation, general Primo de Rivera has established in 1923 military dictatorship. Resistance to dictatorship has amplified in the late twenties, and in 1930 Primo de Rivera has been compelled to retire. The gigolo XIII was not decided on immediate returning to a parliamentary form of government and has been accused of conciliation with dictatorship. On council election in April 1931 in all large cities the resolute victory was gained by republicans. Even moderated and conservatives have refused to support a monarchy, and on April, 14th 1931 Gigolo XIII, not renouncing a throne, has left the country.
The second republic has been solemnly proclaimed by the Provisional government consisting of the left republicans, representatives of the middle class, opposing Catholic churches and representatives of the gained in strength socialist movement who intended to pave the way for peace transition to «socialist republic». Numerous social reforms have been carried out, Catalonia has received an autonomy. However on elections in 1933 respublikansko-socialist coalition has suffered defeat because of counteraction moderated and Catholics. The come to power coalition of the right forces throughout 1934 has brought to nothing results of the spent reforms. Socialists, anarchists and communists have lifted revolt in mining areas of Asturias which has been severely suppressed by army under command of general Fransisko Ex.
On elections in February 1936 right block of Catholics and conservatives was resisted by the left Popular front representing all spectrum of the left forces, from republicans to communists and anarho-syndicalists. The popular front, having received majority of votes in 1 %, has taken the power in hand and has continued begun before reform.
Civil war. Disturbed by communistic threat, the right steels to prepare for war. General Emilio of the Pier and other military leaders, switching on Ex, have made antigovernmental plot. The Spanish phalanx based in 1933 Fascist party used the terrorist groups for provotsirovanija mass disorders which could serve as an occasion to an establishment of an authoritative mode. Reaction of the left promoted raskruchivaniju filched violence. Murder 1936 leaders of monarchists José Kalvo Sotelo has served on July, 13th as a suitable occasion to performance of conspirators. Mutiny has gone right in provincial capitals of Leon and Old Castile, and also in such cities as Burgos, Salamanca and Avila, but has been suppressed by workers in Madrid, Barcelona and industrial centres of the North. In large cities of the South – Cadiz, Seville and Granada – resistance has been sunk in blood. Rebels have taken under the control approximately third of territory of Spain: Galicia, Leon, Old Castile, Aragon, part Estremadury and Andalussky triangle from Huelva to Seville and Cordoba.
Rebels have met unexpected difficulties. The armies sent by the general of the Pier against Madrid, have been stopped by working militia in mountains Sierra-de-Gvadarrama to the north from capital. The strongest trump of rebels, the African army under command of the general Ex, it has been blocked in Morocco by the republican warships which crews have lifted revolt against officers. Rebels had to address behind the help to Hitler and Mussolini which have granted aircraft for a transfer of armies Ex from Morocco to Seville. Mutiny has outgrown in a civil war. The republic, on the contrary, has been deprived support from democratic states. Before threat of internal political confrontation under the pressure of the Great Britain, afraid to provoke world war, the prime minister of France Leon Blum has refused former promises to help republicans, and those have been compelled to address behind the help to the USSR.
Having received a reinforcement, rebels-nationalists have undertaken two military campaigns which have sharply improved their position. A pier has entered armies into Basksky province Gipuskoa, having cut off it from France. In the meantime the African army Ex has fast promoted on the north towards Madrid, reserving bloody traces, as, for example, in Badajoz where have been shot 2 thousand captured. By August, 10th both earlier isolated groupings of rebels have incorporated. They have considerably strengthened the items in August-September. General José Enrike Varela has adjusted communication of rebellious groupings in Seville, Cordoba, Granada and Cadiz. At republicans of such successes was not. The rebellious garrison of Toledo still was in a siege in fortress Alkasar, and armies of anarchist militia from Barcelona vainly tried to win 18 months Zaragosa which was fast handed over to rebels.
On September, 21st in airdrome near Salamanca leading rebellious generals have met to select the commander-in-chief. The choice has fallen on the general Ex, which has thrown this very day armies from suburbs of Madrid on the southwest to Toledo to release fortress Alkasar. Though it has irrevocably lost chance to seize capital before it was prepared for defence, it could strengthen the power an impressive victory. Besides, having tightened war, it has allowed time for realisation of political cleanings in the territory seized by it. On September, 28th has been ex confirmed by the head of the nationalist state and at once has established in a zone of the control a mode of the individual power. On the contrary, the republic experienced constant difficulties because of strong disagreements between the block of communists and the moderate socialists, aspiring to strengthen defence, and anarchists, trotskistami and the left socialists calling for a social revolution.
Defence of Madrid. On October, 7th the African army has reinstated approach to Madrid overflowed with refugees and suffering because of shortage of the foodstuffs. Delay has ex lifted heroic spirit of defenders of capital and has given the chance to republicans to receive arms from the USSR and replenishment in the form of voluntary international teams. By November, 6th 1936 frankistskie armies have come nearer to suburbs of Madrid. This very day the republican government has moved from Madrid to Valencia, having kept in army capital under command of general José Miahi. It was supported by Management on defence in which communists prevailed. Miaha has rallied the population whereas its chief of a staff, colonel Visente Roho, has organised urban groups of defence. By the end of November Ex, despite the help pervoklassno the prepared German divisions of a legion "Kondor", recognised a failure of the approach. The besieged city has held on two more and a half a year.
Then has ex changed tactics and has undertaken a number of attempts to surround capital. In battles at Boadili (December 1936), Haramy (February 1937) and Guadalajara (March 1937) by huge losses republicans have stopped its armies. But even after defeat at Guadalajara where regular divisions of the Italian army have been broken some, rebels kept behind themselves the initiative. In the spring and in the summer 1937 they have without difficulty seized all northern Spain. In March of the Pier has led 40 thousand soldiers in approach to Basque Provinces, supported by skilled experts in terror and bombardments from a legion "Kondor". Destruction 1937 Guernicas became on April, 26th the most monstrous share. This barbarous bombardment has broken moral spirit of Basques and has destroyed defence baskskoj capitals Bilbao which capitulated on June, 19th. After that the army frankistov, strengthened by the Italian soldiers, has seized on August, 26th Santander. Asturias has been occupied within September-October that has placed the North industry in the service of rebels. Visente Roho tried to suspend the massed approach frankistov a series of counterattacks. On July, 6th in Brunete, to the West from Madrid, 50 thousand soldiers-republicans have broken through an enemy front line, but nationalists have managed to stop up a gap. By extreme efforts republicans have delayed definitive break in the north. Later, in August 1937, Roho has undertaken the courageous plan of an environment of Zaragosa. In the middle of September republicans have begun approach in Belchite. As well as in Brunete, at first they had an advantage, and then there were no forces for coup de grace drawing. In December 1937 Roho has struck anticipatory blow on Teruelju, hoping to distract armies Ex from the next attack to Madrid. This plan has worked: On January, 8th, in the colds, republicans have seized Teruel, but on February, 21st 1938 after six-week bombardment by heavy artillery and bombardments have been compelled to recede under the threat of an environment.
The end of war. The victory frankisty have strengthened new approach. In March 1938 almost 100 thousand soldiers, 200 tanks and 1 thousand German and Italian planes have begun approach through Aragon and Valencia on the east in a direction to the sea. Republicans have exhausted, they did not have not enough arms and an ammunition, and after defeat in Teruele have been demoralised. To the beginning of April rebels have reached Leridy, and then were lowered on a river Ebro valley, having cut off Catalonia from other part of republic. Soon after that they left to coast of Mediterranean sea.
In July has ex undertaken powerful approach to Valencia. Persistent struggle of republicans has slowed down its advancement and has exhausted forces falangistov. But by July, 23rd frankisty were less than in 40 km from a city. Valencia has appeared under direct threat of grab. In answer Roho has undertaken an effective red herring, having begun large approach through the rivers Ebros to reestablish communication with Catalonia. After desperate three-month fight republicans have reached Gandesy in 40 km from initial positions, but have stayed, when in this area reinforcements falangistov have been thrown. To the middle of November with huge losses in live force republicans have been rejected back. On January, 26th 1939 Barcelona capitulated. On March, 4th 1939 in Madrid the commander of republican army of the centre colonel Sehizmundo Kasado has lifted mutiny against the republican government, hoping to terminate senseless bloodshed. Ex has flatly refused its offers on an armistice, and armies have started to be handed over on all front line. When on March, 28th nationalists have entered into the become empty Madrid, 400 thousand republicans have begun an outcome from the country. The victory falangistov has led to a dictatorship establishment Ex. More than 1 million persons has got to prisons or labour camp. Except 400 thousand which were lost during war, during the period with 1939 on 1943 have been executed 200 thousand more the person.
Spain during the Second World War. When in September 1939 the Second World War has begun, Spain has been weakened and devastated by the Civil war and has not ventured to act on the party of the countries of "axis" Berlin – Rome. Therefore the direct help Ex to allies was limited to dispatch of 40 thousand soldiers of the Spanish blue division on East front. In 1943 when it became clear, that Germany loses war, has ex gone on cooling of relations with Germany. In the end of war Spain even sold strategic raw materials to the western allies, however it has not changed their relation to Spain as to the enemy country.
Spain at Ex. In the end of war Spain was in diplomatic isolation and was not a part of the United Nations and NATO, but Ex did not lose hope of reconciliation with the West. In 1950 decision of General Assembly of the United Nations of member state of the United Nations had an opportunity to restore diplomatic relations with Spain. In 1953 USA and Spain have entered into the agreement on creation of several military bases of the USA in territory of Spain. In 1955 Spain it has been accepted in the United Nations.
Liberalisation of economy and economic growth in 1960th years were accompanied by some political concessions. In 1966 the Organic law which has introduced a number of liberal amendments to the constitution has been passed. The mode has ex generated political passivity of overwhelming majority of Spaniards. The government also did not try to involve various strata of society in political organisations. Ordinary citizens did not show interest to state affairs; the majority of them attended to search of favourable opportunities for increase of a standard of living.
With 1950 in Spain illegal strikes began to flash, in 1960th years they were became frequent. There was a number of illegal trade-union committees. With resolute antigovernmental requests separatists of Catalonia and Basque Provinces who persistently achieved an autonomy have acted. However, Catalan separatists showed бoльшую restraint in comparison with is extremist baskskimi by nationalists from the organisation Basksky fatherland and (THIS) freedom.
Essential support to a mode was ex rendered by the Spanish Catholic church. In 1953 the concordat with Vatican that nominees of the maximum hierarches of church will get out the secular power has ex concluded. However since 1960 management of church became by degrees otmezhevyvatsja from a policy of a mode. In 1975 Pope has publicly condemned execution of several baskskih nationalists.
In 1960th years Spain began to adjust close connections with countries of Western Europe. Already in the early seventies Spain annually visited to 27 million tourists, mainly from the North America and the Western Europe while hundred thousand Spaniards left on earnings in other European countries. However the Benelux countries states opposed sharing of Spain in military men and economic unions of the West European countries. The first request of Spain for reception in EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY has been rejected in 1964. While Ex remained with the power, the governments of democratic countries of Western Europe did not wish to establish with Spain more close contacts.
In the last years of life has ex weakened the control over state affairs. In June 1973 it has conceded a post of the prime minister which took within 34 years, to admiral Luis Karrero Blanko. In December Karrero Blanko has been killed baskskimi by terrorists, and it was replaced with Carlos Arias Navarro, the first civil prime minister after 1939. In November 1975 has ex died. Still in 1969 Ex declared the successor of prince Juan Carlos from dynasty Burbonov, the grandson of the king of the Gigolo XIII who has headed the state as king Juan Carlos I.
Transition period. The death has ex accelerated the process of liberalisation which has begun still at his life. By June 1976 kortesy have allowed political meetings and have legalised democratic political parties. In July the prime minister of the country Arias, the consecutive conservative, have been compelled to concede armchair Adolfo Suaresu Gonsalesu. The administration bill which has paved the way for realisation of free choices in parliament, has been accepted kortesami in November 1976 and approved on a national referendum.
On elections in June 1977 Union of the democratic centre (SDTS) Suaresa has received third of voices and thanks to system of proportional representation has taken almost half of places in the parliament lower chamber. The Spanish socialist workers' party (ISRP) has collected almost as much voices, but has received only third of places. In 1978 parliament has accepted the new constitution which has been approved on a general referendum in December.
Suares has retired in January 1981. Other leader SDTS, Leopoldo Kalvo Sotelo became its successor. Having used power change, conservative-minded officers have decided to arrange revolution, but the king, leaning against devoted military leaders, has stopped attempt of grab of the power. At early stages of a transition period the country was torn apart by serious contradictions. Split between supporters of civil democratic board, on the one hand, and supporters of a military dictatorship – with other was the main thing from them. Two basic consignments and the majority of small consignments, trade unions concerned the first and businessmen, i.e. actually бoльшая a part of the Spanish company the king. Not numerous extremist organisations of the extremely left and extremely right sense, and also a part of the maximum officers of armed forces acted for authoritative forms of government and home guards. Though supporters of democracy was much more, their opponents were armed and ready to use the weapon.
The second line of confrontation has lain between supporters of political upgrade and those who protected traditional foundations. Upgrade was supported mainly by the townspeople showing high political activity whereas to traditsionalizmu the rural population was declined basically. There was also a split between supporters centralised and a regional government. In this conflict have appeared armed forces, political parties and the organisations, the authorities opposing to decentralisation, on the one hand, and advocates of an autonomy of regions – with other are involved the king. As always, the most moderate item was taken by Catalonia, and the most radical – Basque Provinces. National consignments of the left wing supported the limited self-management, but were against a complete autonomy. In 1990th years disagreements between right both left and supporters of upgrade of transition ways to the constitutional board have become aggravated. At first there were disagreements between a left-centrist Spanish socialist workers' party (ISRP) and nowadays dismissed right-centrist Union of the democratic centre (SDTS). After 1982 similar disagreements (NANOSECONDS) renamed in 1989 in People party (NP) have emerged between ISRP and the conservative National union.
Fierce disputes have inflamed concerning details of selective process, positions of the constitution and laws. All these conflicts testified to dangerous polarisation of company and complicated consensus achievement.
Transition process to democracy was finished in the mid-eighties. By this time the country has overcome danger of return to old, and also extremist separatism, times threatening to integrity of the state. Mass support of multi-party parliamentary democracy has clearly emerged. However considerable distinctions in political views were saved. Polls indicated, that the preference is given to a Centre-Leftism along with bent for strengthening to the political centre.
Board of socialists. In 1982 one more attempt of military putsch has been prevented. In the face of danger from right voters on elections 1982 have preferred ISRP led by Felipe Gonsalesom Marquez. This consignment has gained the majority places in both chambers of parliament. For the first time since 1930th years to the power to Spain the government of socialists has come. SDTS has suffered so strong defeat, that after elections declared self-dissolution. ISRP operated Spain independently or in a coalition with other consignments with 1982 on 1996.
The policy of socialists dispersed from program installations of the left wing more and more. The government has headed for the capitalist economic development, switching on favorable treatment for foreign investments, industry privatisation, a floating rate of peseta and reduction of means for social security programs. Throughout almost eight years the economy of Spain successfully developed, however the important social problems remained unsolved. Unemployment growth to 1993 has exceeded 20 %.
From the very beginning trade unions were opposed by politicians ISRP, and even in an upturn in the economic cycle when Spain had the stablest economy in Europe, there passed the massive strikes sometimes accompanied by disorders. Teachers participated in them, officers, miners, peasants, transport workers and public health services, industrial workers and dockers. General one-day strike 1988 (the first after 1934) has paralysed all country: in it participated 8 million persons. To terminate strike, Gonsales has gone on a number of concessions, having agreed to increase pension and unemployment benefits. In 1980th years Spain began to co-operate more closely with the western countries in economic and political sphere. In 1986 country it has been accepted in EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY, and in 1988 has prolonged for eight years a bilateral agreement about defence which allows the USA to use military bases in territory of Spain. In November 1992 Spain ratified the Maastricht agreement for EU education.
Integration of Spain with countries of Western Europe and a policy of an openness to an external world guaranteed protection of democracy against military coup d'etats, and also supplied inflow of foreign investments. Headed Gonsalesom ISRP won on parliamentary elections in 1986, 1989 and 1993, the number of the voices submitted for it by degrees decreased, and in 1993 to generate the government, socialists had to enter a coalition with other consignments. In 1990 there has passed a wave of the political exposures which have undermined authority of some consignments, switching on ISRP.
One of intensity sources in Spain there was not ceasing terrorism baskskoj groups THIS which has incurred responsibility for 711 murders made during the period with 1978 on 1992. Loud scandal has burst, when it became known about existence of illegal police divisions which killed ETA members in northern Spain and southern France in 1980th years.
Spain in 1990th years. The economic recession which has become obvious in 1992, was aggravated in 1993 when unemployment has hardly increased and production was reduced. The improvement of the economy which have begun in 1994, could not return to socialists former authority any more. As on elections in June 1994 in the European parliament, and on regional and local elections in May 1995 ISRP has taken the second place after NP.
After 1993 for creation of a viable coalition in kortesah ISRP Convergence and the Union (PUSSYCATS) which was headed by the prime minister of Catalonia Hordi Puhol using this political communication for further struggle for an autonomy of Catalonia has used support of a consignment. In October 1995 Catalans have refused to support the government of socialists
