The East Iranian tribes have appeared around Amu Darya and Syr-Darya to the middle of I millenium B.C. Territory of modern Tajikistan it has appeared occupied sogdijtsami in the north and baktrijtsami in the south. The agricultural area Sogdiana switching on Fergana and valley Zeravshana and reaching in the west of district of Bukhara, played the important role in an international sales as was on the trading ways binding China and Middle East. Later, between 8 and 10 centuries, its inhabitants have been assimilated iranojazychnymi by tribes. The structure of the Tadjik nationality included descendants sogdijtsev, baktrijtsev and other Iranian tribes, along with various Turkic and, to a lesser degree, the Mongolian nationalities which have appeared later in this territory.
In 6 century B.C. the significant part of Central Asia has been seized by the Persian power Ahemenidov. However already in 4 century B.C. the empire Ahemenidov has fallen under blows of armies of Alexander the Great; Alexander has seized Sogdiana and Bactria and has subdued set of other people. To the extremity of its short reign the Greek-Baktrijsky kingdom extended the power to territories of modern Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwest India.
After the period of internal excitements and intrusions of nomads from the north in 1 century of our era the new powerful state – the Kushansky empire which has united to the southeast of Central Asia, Afghanistan and northern districts of India was formed. This state conducted brisk trade with China and Rome. The Central Asian and Afghani people which were a part of the Kushansky kingdom, adhered to religion zoroastrizma; the Buddhism getting here along trading ways (thus it has got and into China) has been extended also. In Sogdiana zoroastrizm long time remained dominating religion, has not been superseded yet by Islam.
In 3 century disintegration of Kushansky empire, and its possession in Central Asia – mainly Sogdiana and Bactria has begun – to short time have passed under the power of new Persian power – empires Sasanidov. In these areas the Persian tongue and culture have extended.
In the end of sovereignty Sasanidov influence of Turkic tribes grew in southern districts of Central Asia in process of their advancement on the West and on the south. In 6 century of our era these tribes have reached borders of possession Sasanidov. In long run the population of flat parts of pools of Amu Darya and Syr-Darya became faster Turkic, than Iranian.
The gain of Central Asia Arabs has brought with itself basic changes. To the middle 7 century Arabs have already won over Sasanidami in Iran, and to the end of the century they have seized a number of key districts in Central Asia, switching on sogdijskie the cities of Bukharas and Samarkand. The Arabian campaigns against sogdijtsev and their Turkic allies – times and against Chineses – proceeded and in 8 century and have ended with a victory of Arabs. In Arabian halifate the big role was played by Moslem doctrine. In the won Central Asian cities and oases there was a mass circulation of inhabitants in Islam. In more remote districts of Tajikistan this process has taken some centuries.
As the central government in Arabian halifate weakened, the actual local authorities passed to regional dynasties. The greatest trace in the Tadjik history was kept by dynasty Samanidov (875–999) which have united under the power of the earth from Syr-Darya to southwest Iran; its capital was in Bukhara. Protection Samanidov promoted revival of the Persian tongue as literary. At this particular time the Persian tongue began to prevail in Central Asia over East Iranian. Бoльшая the part of Tajikistan was under the power or is immediate Samanidov, or their vassals; some southern districts were closely related with northern Afghanistan.
In the end of 10 century of possession Samanidov have been divided between two Turkic dynasties. The territory which later became Tajikistan, was under the power of various Turkic governors until has been switched on in structure of the Mongolian empire in 13 century In the end of 14 century Timur (Tamerlan) has tried to create new empire, comparable in the sizes and power with Mongolian, but with the centre in its Central Asian possession.
The gain of a larger part of Central Asia a Turkic nationality of Uzbeks has led to creation of separate khanates, which have existed up to 19 century (when this area has been attached to Russia), and some and is longer. Hostile relations between the Uzbek khans and the Persian shahs competing because of the power and territory, interfered with an establishment of wider contacts of the Uzbek khanates with an external world and promoted rooting here rigid Islamic conservatism; growing isolation of region also has been bound to shift of routes of trading ways on the north and the south. Бoльшая the part of southern Tajikistan was under the power of the Bukhara khan (later – the emir). Governors of Bukhara and kokandskie khans challenged each other the control over northern Tajikistan.
In 19 century when Central Asia has been attached to Russia, political borders were changed. The Bukhara khanate in 1818, according to the reciprocal treaty, became the state dependent on Russia, and the Kokandsky khanate in 1876 has been abolished, and its earths were a part Turkestani the general of a-governorship.
Joining of Central Asia to Russian empire has influenced views of not numerous intelligency of Tajikistan which was under impression of innovations in Russia and has like the reformist ideas extended among the Tatar and Turkish intelligency. Ahmad-Mahdum Donish (1827–1897) who has three times visited Russia as the envoy of the Bukhara emir was one of the basic supporters of reforms. In the products written in the Persian tongue, and in conversations in a circle of the pupils it criticised tyranny of a ruling dynasty of Bukhara as short-sighted and fought for transformations by an example of Russia. The part of the formed Tadjik and Uzbek youth has adjoined reformist movement dzhadidizma.
During the First World War position in Central Asia has worsened. Raw materials exportation, in particular a clap was enlarged, importation of bread and industrial items from Russia was reduced. In 1916 was a poor harvest, Turkestan was threatened with hunger. Besides, on July, 2nd the imperial government has started mobilisation of Moslems in the Russian army on rear jobs. In reply to it in Khojend natural revolt which then was threw in other cities and districts has flashed. To a close of the year revolt has been suppressed by many thousand lives and the big destructions.
After falling of imperial autocracy in March 1917 some time in Central Asia practically did not exist the real power, and the destiny of region in the end was decided by Red Army. The armed struggle proceeded to 1925. Some Tadjiks supported Bolsheviks, others – Antibolshevist movement basmachej; in the last the Uzbeks which stronghold were the earths of east Bukhara prevailed. The part of Tadjiks has appeared consensually involved in the armed struggle of the resisting parties. Thousand peasants and cattlemen-nomads ran from east Bukhara to Afghanistan, being salvaged from bloodsheds and hunger.
In the mid-twenties the government has started division of Central Asia into some republics to an ethnic sign. In 1924 Soviet government declared creation of autonomous republic Tajikistan as a part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist republic (UzSSR). In 1929 autonomy it has been transformed to the Tadjik Soviet Socialist Republic and was a part of the USSR.
The first decades of the Soviet power in Tajikistan have brought appreciable social and economic changes. There has been in the mid-twenties begun campaign for illiteracy liquidation, in the end of the same decade antireligious campaign and the violent collectivisation of peasants accompanied by numerous victims were spent. During collectivisation collective farms were guided by cultivation of a cotton and building of irrigational systems.
Suppression of the excitements called by collectivisation, and also primary mistrust of the Soviet power to ethnic minorities and a Stalin rate on intensifying of reprisals in 1930th years were showed in waves of the political cleanings which have affected all social classes, from high-ranking officials to ordinary citizens; especially severe reprisals have fallen 1933–1934 and 1937–1938.
In 1930th years and during the Second World War in the country planned industrialisation which was accompanied by reorganisation of national economy and inflow of the qualified labour from Russia and other republics USSR was spent.
In a postwar period proceeded "sovetizatsija" Tajikistan. Despite efforts of the Soviet regimen to undermine Islam item in Tajikistan, for the majority of Tadjiks it remained the essential factor at definition of system of values and influenced their behaviour and culture. Representatives of the Tadjik intelligency carried out compromise to the policy of loyalty to ideas of the Soviet power and at the same time aspired to save and cultivate national consciousness and traditions. As the number of the formed people was enlarged, all of them concerned the Soviet system more critically.
The present stage beginning in history of Tajikistan is bound to process of disintegration of the USSR, a dislocation of balance of the forces, developed in republic during Soviet time. First signs of crisis of the power became passed in Dushanbe in February of 1990 performances of secular national democrats from movement "Rastohez" (Revival). Despite assurances of organizers of performances, they have served as a signal to the beginning of an outcome from capital and the country of Russian and Russian-speaking population.
On August, 24th 1991, after a putsch failure in Moscow, the republic Supreme body accepts the declaration on the state sovereignty. In November there are presidential elections on an alternative basis. Democratic forces ("Rastohez", the Democratic party which has broken away from it and the Islamic party of revival which was till October under an interdiction) have put forward the candidate of known film director D.Hudonazarova. He however has lost elections holding a post of the president to the former chief of Communist Party R.Nabievu.
Finding by the country of independence in the end of 1991 has aggravated a question on the power. The shaky balance has been infringed in the spring 1992. Opposition of the government and the force which have gathered by then of opposition has poured out in opposition between them on the areas and streets Dushanbe. In May the government of national reconciliation in which the opposition has received third of places has been generated. Despite it between forces of the government and opposition armed conflicts have begun, economic circumstances has sharply worsened and migration was enlarged.
In the beginning of September president Nabiev has been compelled to send in the resignation. In the autumn in different parts of the country there were skirmishes and collisions is frequent with application of the serious weapon. In Dushanbe has come criminal bespredel. Losses from both parties by October have made 15-20 thousand killed and some tens thousand wounded men.
The visible place in opposition was taken by clan and ethnoregional factors. The governmental party was headed by representatives of nomenklaturno-economic clans from southern Kuljabsky and northern Leninabadsky areas. In the last moods in favour of unit from the south were strong, however kuljabtsam it was possible 1992 to cope with separative threats to the extremity. Base of support of the governmental forces which generated and have armed groups of the Popular front, young men, in a significant part Uzbeks have made remained out of work and subsistences. The appreciable role among opposition was played pamirtsy, especially by inhabitants of Dushanbe, and also natives from Karategina (Garmsky district) and Darvaza (the Tavildarinsky valley). Forces of opposition in the conditions of the armed struggle were headed by Islamites, and struggle has acquired a shade of politiko-ideological opposition with indirect including in it of neighbouring states.
In December 1992 groups NF were included into Dushanbe and have used violence over pamirtsami and karategintsami. The Critical situation in a city was saved till February 1993. Simultaneously and up to summer fierce fights were conducted in Garme and Tavildare, in the Barrow-tjube and in the Gissarsky valley in frontier territories with Uzbekistan. Special bitterness they reached in scenes of action of the formations headed by field commanders. In March the most odious has been killed among them – S.Safarov.
In December 1992 chairman of the Supreme body have selected the native of Kulyab E.Rahmonova. In putting in order sharing was accepted by the Collective peace-keeping force created by the state-participants of the Agreement for collective security. The greatest costs under contents KMS were born by Russia. 201st motor-shooting division and frontier troops of the Russian Federation continued to be in republic. The aircraft quite often participated in operations from Uzbekistan.
The civil war peak has been passed in the extremity 1992 – the beginning 1993, then it proceeded with smaller and dying away degree of intensity. But it still distinguished extreme at times cruelty against the failed system of normal supply of cities and villages the foodstuffs and other agents of maintenance of a life. There were robberies and marauding, ethnic cleanings, violence, murders political and public figures.
The forces of Islamic opposition pushed aside from the central districts have passed border with Afghanistan and have created there a network of camps of refugees. In 1993 oppositional leaders who have going to in Teheran declared creation FROM (Incorporated Tadjik opposition). In April 1994 in Moscow there has passed the first round of negotiations between representatives RT and FROM (with the participation the United Nations and interested neighbouring states) where the agreement on a time armistice has been reached.
In the summer the Supreme body has made the decision on simultaneous realisation in November of a referendum under the new constitution and presidential elections. A significant majority of votes have selected E.Rahmonova (its contender the leader leninabadskih circles acted, former prime minister A. Abdullodzhanov).
In 1994–1997 seven more rounds of negotiations between the government and opposition have taken place. On June, 27th 1997 in Moscow president Rakhmonov and the leader FROM S.A.Nuri have signed the General agreement on an establishment of the world and the national consent, officially put an end to a 5-year-old civil war. The agreement provided general amnesty, an exchange captured, creation of conditions for homing of refugees, demobilisation of military formations of opposition with granting of possibility by it to join republic ranks of the army. It was provided, that to representatives of opposition 30 % of posts in central body are allocated and they join in local government bodies. For observation over a course of fulfilment of the General agreement there was a Commission on national reconciliation (KNP) on an equal footing.
Conclusion of peace had exclusively important internal political and international significance. However, its realisation was tightened, and scheduled on 1998 parliamentary elections have been transferred on 1999, and then on 2000. Representatives FROM as a sign of the protest for a while left time and again structure KNP. Only by the summer 1999 substantive provisions of the military protocol to the agreement have been executed. However the opposition has not received the promised quantity of places in the government and possibilities for propaganda during campaign for presidential elections in November 1999 (at the last minute she has refused sharing in them; for its representative D.Usmona have given voices of 2 %). The civil war status as a whole has been overcome to the beginning 2000. On parliamentary elections in March leading force were FROM – the revival Islamic party – has received only 3 mandates.
Stabilisation of political position in 2000–2005 was accompanied by certain economic revival, however it has not led to achievement of a former level of development of economy. There was no also an appreciable improvement of a financial position of masses – below the breadline by national criteria there are 86 % of inhabitants.
Unsuccessful there is a position with human rights. The judicial system has no independence, cases of prosecution of political opponents of a regimen are frequent. Activity forbidden considerably-Islamic "Hizb-ut-Tahrir" (the Political system and a policy see) is significant. It has special popularity in mainly Uzbek districts.
At the same time, prospects for the further strengthening of public consolidation and economic development, unconditionally, are present. Parliamentary elections, at all their imperfection, have shown, that at the population is held in remembrance disasters of war, crisis and ruin, and it as a whole supports stability and order conservation. Regionalno-ethnic contradictions have a little smoothed out, on the foreground there are questions of democracy and social and economic strategy.
The reforms begun by M.S.Gorbachevym, have weakened the rigid control over company and have created preconditions for occurrence of open opposition to a regimen. Soon Gorbachev has dismissed first secretary KPT Rahmona Nabieva nominated to this post of L.I.Brezhnevym.
In republic the oppositional performances testifying to growth of national consciousness of Tadjiks spread. They criticised system of centralised planning of an economy as harming to economy and environment, and a management of Tajikistan – for its sluggishness in realisation of reforms. The demand was made to allow to practise Islam and cancel openly the restrictions imposed by the Soviet regimen.
Among the population the discontent grew. In 1989 there was a number of conflicts on the ethnic soil, provoked by economic difficulties and directed mainly against Moslems-netadzhikov. These flashes have been localised and not accompanied by essential human victims. In the middle of February 1990 after the governmental armies have dispersed demonstration with weapon application, in Dushanbe there were disorders. Demonstrators protested against privileges which were ostensibly granted the Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan (hearings have appeared rather exaggerated), and also showed discontent with a political management for the fact that it hesitates with reforms. At dispersal of demonstration from both parties 25 persons were lost, 685 have been wounded.
As an answer-back measure the government declared state of emergency which was saved till July 1991. Two aims – achievement of an order both public calmness and restriction of activity of political opposition were thus pursued.
Struggle for the power between conservative communistic leaders and supporters of reforms has become aggravated after putsch in Moscow in August 1991. Supported putchistov president Mahkamov has been compelled to keep on August, 31st the post under the pressure of mass actions of the population and inner-party struggle.
After resignation Mahkamova responsibilities of the president K.Aslonov, the chairman of the Supreme body of republic became fulfilling; it has published the decree forbidding activity KPT. However on September, 23rd the Supreme body in which the majority was made by communists, has cancelled an interdiction, has entered state of emergency and has compelled Aslonova to retire. Deputies-communists have put forward on a post of president Rahmona Nabieva. These actions have called such wave of protests, that in a week the Supreme body has been compelled to cancel state of emergency and to pass the decision on "suspension" (besides time) of activity KPT. Elections on a multi-party basis have taken place on November, 24th 1991. In them participated seven candidates, and a victory on them has gained Nabiev, the typed 57 % of voices.
Repressive measures to which government Nabieva has from the very beginning resorted, in the beginning 1992 have provoked the mass demonstrations which have passed in May in voorezhennye collisions. Nabiev has been compelled to enter negotiations with opposition and to agree on formation of the coalition government and elections of a new legislature in which communists would not have obvious overweight. Soon after creation of the coalition government conservatives-communists have begun the armed actions against forces of opposition in the south of the country. In the summer 1992 in the country the civil war has inflamed. In the beginning of September 1992 group of the armed youth has seized Nabieva in dushanbinskom to the airport and has compelled it to declare the resignation. Responsibilities of the president the chairman of the Supreme body of republic became fulfilling Akbarsho Iskandarov; in November it has left from the post in hope, what is it will abirritate conservatives. The Supreme body in which opponents of reforms still prevailed, has abolished a post of the president. Having lost management Nabieva, antireformists continued the armed struggle and on December, 10th 1992 have seized Dushanbe. Winners have selected the chairman of the Supreme body of Emomali Rakhmonov. In 1994 the new constitution restoring a post of the president has been prepared. In November 1994 as a result of passing simultaneously (with set of disturbances) a referendum and presidential elections this constitution has been approved also Rakhmonov has been selected by the president of Tajikistan. In February-March 1995 there have passed elections in a new legislature, Madzhlisi Oli.
The civil war and the persecutions which have followed her on opponents of a regimen have compelled to throw the houses about a half-million of inhabitants; they ran in other districts of Tajikistan and to the CIS countries, and apprx. 50 thousand persons – to Afghanistan. Thousand inhabitants were lost during confrontations. Among them there were also participants of military actions both with one, and from other of contending parties, but the majority was made by peace inhabitants.
The modern situation in Tajikistan can be characterised as astable. In separate districts of republic there are confrontations, acts of terrorism are spent.
