History and developing
The psychodrama is adapting of scenes ' dramas, dancing therapy carries on the npîèñõîæäåíèå from creative dance. At an early stage dance became a resource of expression of thoughts and chug torye it was hard to translate in words. Spontaneous movements and gestures were 4 the human service lines long before appearance of a formal language 1953). Throughout millenaries in miscellaneous bunches there were ritual dances 4 celebration, abductions of a misfortune, mourning dead, treatments bolnnyh. Dance was the strong resource of self-realisation and expression of senses. In religious sacramentals dancers are aimed to be released from everything, to become a Universe part, in clonings participants identified themselves with furious animals or sorcerers and chertjami.
In due course in the western crops dance from the form of the social communications and self-expression tilsja in an art form amusement of audience was which one purpose. By XIX century dance became an expression resource that is better vseglo is illustrated by appearance of classic ballet. From those who has introduced the investment in dance revival in the North America in XX century was igneous and freedom-loving Ajsedora Dunkan. It used its characteristic and indicative movements in modern human dance, having discarded a formalism traditional ballet and having succeeded romantic illusions on realism. Dunkan recognised that dance can use 4 natural expression of secret senses and "soul" of people. On this path modern dance was advanced as a resource of an individual expression or as refusaling of classic forms of driving.
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The majority of dancing therapists considers operations of participants of bunches in the tideway of the psychoanalytical theory. The technique "skew field-ego" Dzherri Selkina (Salkin, 1973) is an example tryings of bond of system of forms of force W the psychoanalytical theory. Units of room, force, time and flow use in special targeted physical movements 4 magnification of self-identity by repeated experience of serial stages of developing through which one the person transits in the first years of life. The movements expressing thoughts and senses, instincts and appetences are encouraged and boosted. When the participant of bunch experiments more wildcat physical and emotional manifestations, there are new senses and the operations contributing in a development of the personality.
The therapist using technique "skew field-ego", knows, how the propulsion pattern can be linked to emotions. For example, individuals W emotional violations demonstrate often unnatural solid postures. The disturbing person can rock in agitation, its arms are tugged, a countenance strained. The chief of bunch tries to contact W the participant by senzitivnogo mirroring of these movements and searching of the alternative. 4 participants W serious violations by the purpose there can be a reaching of a clear mode of a skew field and delimitation of and others, imaginations and a reality.
Movements of the majority of people are not so exaggerated or regressive. Nevertheless static postures, a fashion and nature of driving can mirror inwardness: a mental self-isolation, pavors or idiosinkrazicheskie personal features. The bunch tries to help each participant to go through emotional fluctuations by means of fluctuation reaching with physical postures and movements.
The technique "skew field-ego" Selkina uses at job W children of all ages, W mentally retarded people, W people W emotional violations, and also W is Gud operating adults and W professional dancers. Because each bunch has the level of operation, Selkin divides participants into class-rooms on an age and ability to dance.
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Dancing therapy - psychotherapy sort in which one the psychotherapist uses driving as the main interference 4 reaching of the therapeutic purposes. A part of the task of the therapist is reversal 2 spontaneous, or natural, to repertoire of movements of team members for the purpose its refinements and the extension.
The most known diagnosis of movements is yielded by Rudolf Laban, the dancer and the architect who has invented system of analysis and exposition of propulsion behaviour. In system Labana known as system of force or forms of force (Laban, 1960), characters 4 the map of dynamic and space aspects of driving, diagnosis of needs of the client and the help to the therapist in selection of succession of movements 4 reaching of the medical purposes use. The system of forms of force Labana presents dynamics of driving by means of its four factors: rooms, forces, time and flow. Each factor has two gaugings: the room can be direct or multifocal, force (weight) can be powerful or light, the time can be slow or fast, and flow (energy) can be restricted or free. Any phylum of driving yields to gauging on these dials, and speed keys of these units constitute eight main force. For example, the force of pressing is slow, powerful and direct, and force of impact - fast, powerful and direct.
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General purposes
Dancing therapists select at least five purposes of occupations W bunch. One of them is the extension of an orb of realisation by team members of a characteristic skew field, its usage and possibilities, that not only increases physical and emotional health, but also 4 the majority of is Gud operating people is 2 for entertainment. In the occupation beginning the dancing therapist watches and evaluates strong and weaknesses of repertoire of movements of participants, then determines, what ingredients to change or develop, what movements and as it is better to make. To the majority of us some help 4 magnification of muscles is necessary only, to co-ordination of movements, reduction of rigidity and energy augmentation. The bunches constituted from psihotichnyh or autichnyh of children, can require the livelier help, for example, in such cores physical, motor operations, as walking, run, skews, leaps. The second purpose of dancing therapy is rise of a self-rating by a path of development of more positive mode of a skew field. Individuals W gross infringements can be incapable to differentiate the skew fields as the objects selected among other objects. In such bunches dancing therapy uses to create a safety solid mode. Solid therapy helps with the majority of other bunches to developing of more attractive mode of a skew field which one is endways connected W more positively "I".
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Role of the therapist
The dancing therapist appears as the partner on dance in the formation occupation, the producer of events, the accelerator easying developing of participants through driving (Schmais, 1974). The relevant function tantseval'. nogo the therapist building of a safety circumambient is that participants could make contact, research and perceive freely themselves and the interacting W others. The chief of bunch shows consideration for the nonverbal service lines of participants and tries empaticheski to respond them for the purpose installations of effective therapeutic relationships. Adoption and empathy units are borrowed from the theory of therapeutic fluctuations of Charles Rogers. But unlike other psychocorrectional bunches in bunches of dancing therapy the empathy expresses basically on a physical layer. The dancing therapist demonstrates empathy, specularly mirroring movements of the patient in dance. Merian CHejs so has presented this therapeutic process:
The therapist, dancing W the patient, SPK: "I feel kazh I blow thy emotion, hatred, grief, odinochest are familiar to me in; I perceive all moods which one separate you oi people. ME2 I can feel all it, and it does not call disgust me. Dancing W you, I accept you and we for a minute perceive one another" (Rosen, 1974, the river 60).
Thus, spontaneous movements of an individual are mirrored, extend and advanced by the therapist. In each case patients express the intrinsic conflictings, and the therapist responds the movements meaning adoption and understanding and enabling to patients to change their stereotypes of behaviour When the bunch is malaxated, swung or propelled. The therapist makes efforts 4 installation a game of clock tick W participants, calling them on "talk" to the help of reflectance of their movements. Dancing the megamega pevt Elen Lefko told, how it was difficult to make contact to the strange and closed 30-year-old man of its bunch to encourage it tantsevat! W others:
It was most difficult to "get" to me Bryan. High, it is dark volosyj, tensely electrified, he dances a baking plate svok music, breaking pace on a skew field, as on a drum head. Its dances have no neither the beginnings, nor the midpoints, the end. It as though to rotkie attack sparks. He does not allow to ask inteo pretirovat and to structure. When we will organise kru? He runs, leaps and skips out of it. Sometimes I attach to it in its "animated" leaps, which one napomina - ' a poop leaps of any silvan beast, and zacharovanno slezhl behind it. That minute when our steps are aligned rtt we coincide, he looks at me W an adjudicating and pleasure. But this MOM transits, and it is AGN loaded in the an inner life (Lefco, 1974, the river 52).
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| The most "refined" dancing therapy was spent 4 individumov W serious violations when diagnosis of propulsion deviances and building of a systematic development program of co-ordination and smoothness of movements are specially indispensable and pertinent. Dancing therapy in psychocorrectional bunches of students of colleges and is Gud operating adults was to a lesser degree accented. Was possiblly, concern to it has been conditioned by joint fulfilment of any movements. Dance is democratic, can dance each. Some people can seem the "best" dancers, but every time when dance joins in operating bunch, skill levels QIK abrade, and the involvement in a batch operation normally brings to each team member personal sufficing.
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The purpose of the formation approaches is implementation of human potential. Bunches of training of the abilities, named 2 bunches of vital abilities, are grounded in a larger degree on behaviourism and bihevioralnoj (behavioural) therapy. Their purpose is instruction to adaptive abilities, useful at crashes with the difficult vital situations. These bunches of training of abilities are much more structured, than any of till now presented. Both their structuredness and sistematizirovannost, and the concepts accepted in them link this method W bihevioristskimi traditions.
History and developing
Instruction behavioral models significantly differ as from a Freudian psychodynamic model which one to dominated in psychotherapy in XX century, and from Charles Rogers's humanistic model. The behavioral model has been created in laboratory conditions, and its methodical strategy continues to hold on to scientific accuracy, careful gaugings and controllable handling by observable events (Kanfer and Phillips, 1970). Many formulated bihevioristami fundamental laws nauchenija were born from experiments W animals in controllable laboratory conditions. The students having preliminary psychologic preparation, are familiar with designed Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlovym a method of conditioned reflexes. In a series of experiments in which one salivation of a dog was called by the note of a bell-button distributed simultaneously W assertion of nutriment, Pauls has displayed, as the organism adapts and studies to respond to fluctuations in a circumambient. Further methods of the first experimental researches on animals have propagated on behaviour of the person. For the first time concept "behavioural therapy" separately from each other used Arnold Lazarus (1958) and Hans Ajzenk (1959) 4 exposition of the application of a findings of investigation of the experimental psychology 2 problems of human behaviour. 2DAY behavioural therapy plays a major role in development of pragmatical medical strategies of solution of psychologic problems and in definition of effectiveness of treatment by means of carefully controllable probes.
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