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The technological revolution and the development of productive forces leads to an increasing deepening of international division of labor. In these circumstances, trade and economic relations between countries are characterized by rapid expansion of scientific and technological exchange, the value of which is much more commercial effect, resulting from the transfer or acquisition of technology in any of the commercial terms.
It is through the exchange of technology can resolve the issues raise the technological level of any branches and the national economy as a whole, the task of accelerating technological re-equipment of the economy, empowerment of exports and reduce imports, the development of techno-economic ties between the countries on the basis of specialization and cooperation in the manufacture of various products .
In the area of technology involves the exchange of all major forms of human activity (science, engineering, production, management), starting with the theoretical knowledge of the laws of nature (science), the experience of its conversion (technology) and to the creation of tangible assets and benefits (production) to the improvement of methods of rational action in dealing with work and other tasks (management). However, the exchange can be included as all the four forms of human activity, and any combination thereof.
If you select the area of trade and economic relations and exchange of commodities in food products, which in one way or another connected with the geographical, climatic conditions and the availability of minerals, the remainder of the foreign economic relations in today's world would be a consequence of the international division of labor based on the uneven development of different types of technology , which determines the level of competitiveness of goods on the market, their quality and cost, and hence the profit in the implementation.
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| Company - an organization doing business under a specific name. The company controls the use of land, labor and capital. She herself will decide on the design, method of production and sales.
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Public company (public company) are collected through the sale of shares and bonds. Getting the money thus sent to the acquisition of buildings, equipment and materials needed for company business.
There are two main types of shares, and within each species there is a kind of:
Preference shares:
The owners of those shares, as the name implies, are waiting for a special relationship. They have the right to receive profits, before the owners of all the remaining shares. According to the preferred shares are usually paid a fixed rate of return.
However, owners of preferred shares have no voting rights at annual meetings of shareholders. However, they may be invited to vote when they have no ability to pay dividends on such shares.
Preference shares may be issued in excess of 10 percent of the stock-stock company.
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Under the Foreign Investment refers to all types of property and intellectual property invested in the business for profit. Foreign investors are entitled to take part in business enterprises, created in conjunction with legal entities and citizens in the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as to create an enterprise, fully owned by foreign investors.
An enterprise with foreign investments are established and operate in the form of stock and other business entities and associations as provided by law in the territory of the Russian Federation.
The joint venture can be created either by its establishment, either as a result of the acquisition of a foreign investor share (share, stock) in the previously established enterprises with foreign investment or the acquisition of such companies entirely.
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Joint-stock company - a voluntary organization of legal entities and individuals (including foreign) to work together by pooling their contributions and the issuance of shares for the full value of the statutory fund.
Joint stock companies providing three important goals:
1. Attracting capital is free to organize the production of goods and services.
2. Drawing up such a structure of production, which works directly on the consumer, provides "overflow" of capital stock of inefficient industries and businesses in a more efficient industry.
3. Enhancing motivation.
Issue shares to raise money does not change its status, that is not transformed organizational-legal procedures: meeting future participants, the definition of the statutory fund, the development of the statute and its state registration.
Depending on the ownership of shares, joint-stock companies can be public, cooperative, public, mixed.
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Such a company also known as a business person or private property. The owner has the material resources and capital equipment needed for production activities, or acquires them, and personally supervises the activities of the enterprise.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Sole ownership is easy to establish, as the legal procedure is very easy and recording companies of this kind usually do not require large expenditures.
2. The owner of his own master and has considerable freedom of action. In order to make decisions about what and how to produce. No need to wait for the outcome of any meetings, partners or directors.
3. The owner can provide personalized customer service.
4. Incentives work effectively - the most generous. The owner receives in the case of success and loses everything in the event of failure.
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Getting the maximum profit - is the ultimate goal of any commercial activity. This is achieved through the definition and implementation of a set of targets as a tactical or strategic order. They are:
- Increase in sales;
- To achieve higher growth rates;
- Increase market share;
- Increase in profits relative to investment;
- Increase in income per share the company (if limited company);
- Increasing the market value of shares (if this is an open joint stock company);
- To change the capital structure.
The nature of these targets enterprises defined state of the economy in general, trends in the industry to which the activities of the company, as well as the life cycle of the enterprise itself.
There is the theory of the life cycles of companies, which provided the three stages of this cycle:
The first stage: Characterized by strong expansion of capacity growth. Accumulation aims to create production capacity and capture markets.
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